Polymorph compositions, methods of making, and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The described invention provides a biodegradable, biocompatible delivery system of flowable sustained release microparticulate composition of a substantially pure crystalline form of a bioactive agent such as, for example, nimodipine, a process of preparing a therapeutic form of a substantially pure crystalline form of the bioactive agent and a method for treating an interruption of a cerebral artery in a subarachnoid space at risk of interruption caused by brain injury in a mammal, which reduces signs or symptoms of at least one delayed complication associated with brain injury.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/800,480 (filed Mar. 13, 2013), which claims the benefit of priorityto U.S. Provisional Application 61/644,523 (filed May 9, 2012), thecontents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The described invention relates to stable sustained release particulateformulations of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

BACKGROUND

The design and development of long-acting or sustained-release deliveryformulations have been the focus of considerable efforts in thepharmaceutical industry for decades. Confounding these efforts is theformation of polymorphic drug forms.

Specifically, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are oftenadministered to patients in their solid-states. Molecular solids orsolid phases have been defined in thermodynamic terms as states ofmatter that are uniform in chemical composition and physical state.Molecular solids can exist in crystalline or noncrystalline (amorphous)phases depending on the extent of their three-dimensional order andrelative thermodynamic stability. Crystalline states are characterizedby a periodic array of molecules within a three-dimensional framework,termed a lattice, which are influenced by intra- and inter-molecularinteractions. Crystalline forms may also include hydrates and/orsolvates of the same compound.

A given crystalline form of a particular API often constitutes animportant determinant of the API's ease of preparation, hygroscopicity,stability, solubility, shelf-life, ease of formulation, rate ofdissolution in the gastrointestinal tract and other fluids, and in vivobioavailability. Choice of a crystalline form will depend on acomparison of physical property variables of the different forms. Incertain circumstances, one form may be preferred for ease of preparationand stability leading to longer shelf-lives. In other cases, analternate form may be preferred for higher dissolution rate and/orbetter bioavailability.

Polymorphism refers to the ability of a molecule to exist in two or morecrystalline forms in which the molecules within a crystal lattice maydiffer in structural arrangement (packing polymorphism) and/or inconformation (conformational polymorphism). A single enantiomer of amolecule may exhibit polymorphism. Polymorphic structures have the samechemical composition but different lattice structures and/orconformations resulting in different thermodynamic and kineticproperties. Thus, in the solid phase, polymorphic forms of an APIexhibit different physical, chemical and pharmacological properties,such as in solubility, stability, melting point, density,bioavailability, X-ray diffraction patterns, molecular spectra, etc.However, in liquid or gaseous phases, polymorphic forms lose theirstructural organization and hence have identical properties. Phasetransitions from one form to another may be reversible or irreversible.Polymorphic forms that are able to transform to another form withoutpassing through a liquid or gaseous phase, are known as enantiotropicpolymorphs, whereas those that are unable to interconvert under theseconditions, are monotropic.

Enantiomers of chiral APIs may crystallize in three forms: (1) aracemate form in which the crystal lattice contains a regulararrangement of both enantiomers in equal amounts; (2) enantiopure formsin which the crystal lattice contains a regular arrangement of oneenantiomer and not the other and vice versa; and (3) a conglomerate formin which there is a 1:1 physical mixture of two crystal lattices, onemade up of a regular arrangement of one enantiomer and the other aregular arrangement of the other enantiomer.

Nimodipine[isopropyl(2-methoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate]is a member of the dihydropyridine class of drugs belonging to thecalcium channel antagonist family of pharmaceutical agents. Nimodipineis manufactured and marketed by Bayer AG as Nimotop™. Unsymmetricalesters of 1,4-dihydropyridine 3,5-dicarboxylic acids, processes and useas coronary and antihypertensive agents are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.3,799,934, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutical compositionscomprising nimodipine and an inert non-toxic carrier are disclosed forexample in U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,645, incorporated herein by reference.When formulated as a flowable pharmaceutical composition for sustainedrelease comprising a carrier comprising a plurality of microparticles,such that the nimodipine is dispersed throughout each micropoarticle,for surgical injection it is known as NimoGel™

Nimodipine can exist in amorphous or crystalline forms depending ontreatment and storage conditions. Two distinct crystal forms ofNimodipine have been identified: Form I, which is the racemic crystalform with a lattice containing equal amounts of the two oppositeenantiomers; and Form II, which is the conglomerate form, a 1:1 mixtureof two crystal lattices, one containing one enantiomer and the othercontaining the opposite enantiomer (U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,824,incorporated herein by reference; Grunenberg, A. et al., “Polymorphismin binary mixtures, as exemplified by nimodipine”, International Journalof Pharmaceutics, (1995), 118: 11-21; Grunenberg, A. et al.,“Theoretical derivation and practical application of energy/temperaturediagrams as an instrument in preformulation studies of polymorphic drugsubstances”, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, (1996), 129:147-158; Docoslis, A. et al., “Characterization of the distribution,polymorphism, and stability of nimodipine in its solid dispersions inpolyethylene glycol by micro-Raman spectroscopy and powder X-raydiffraction”, The AAPS Journal, 2007, 9(3): Article 43). Nimodipine FormI melts at +124° C. and Nimodipine Form II melts at +116° C. At +25° C.and +37° C., Form II has lower solubility but higher stability whencompared to Form I. Form I can transform to Form II when stirred at roomtemperature to +80° C.

Nimodipine has been indicated for use in neurological conditions such asaneurysms, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neuropathic pain, arthritis, etc. Itis currently used in the U.S. to treat subarachnoid hemorrhage andmigraine. Due to low solubility, nimodipine is only administered as oralsoft-gels, commercially sold as Nimotop™. Despite its high permeability,oral administration of nimodipine is associated with lowerbioavailability due to slow dissolution in gastrointestinal fluidsand/or cytochrome P450 digestion. Due to limited stability andbioavailability, patients need to be administered one or two 30 mgcapsules of Nimotop™ up to six times a day, causing significantinconvenience to subarachnoid hemorrhage patients who are frequently fedthrough tubes because they are unable to swallow due to theirneurological injury. In addition, as calcium channel antagonists, IVformulations of nimodipine cannot be used because of the high risk ofinducing hypotension. Various controlled release and combinatorialformulations of nimodipine, for example, for immediate release (within0-12 hours of administration) or slower release (within 12-24 hours) ofadministration are disclosed, for example, in US Patent Publication No.US 2010/0215737, US 2010/0239665, etc.

The commercial available nimodipine exists primarily as Form I. Anorally administered immediate release formulation containing aco-precipitate of essentially amorphous nimodipine withpoly-vinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,154. Apharmaceutical preparation containing a suspension of a mixture ofnimodipine Form II crystals in a suspension solution is described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,599,824. A solid dispersion of nimodipine Form II in PVPwith fast release kinetics is described in Papageorgiou, G. Z. et al.,“The effect of physical state on the drug dissolution rate: Miscibilitystudies of nimodipine with PVP”, Journal of Thermal Analysis andcalorimetry, 2009, 95(3): 903-915.

Thus the formation of different polymorphic drug forms in amicroparticle can impact product performance and stability. What areneeded are formulation strategies that can control to formation of drugpolymorphs. These needs and other needs are satisfied by the deliverysystems and methods of the present invention. Additionally, the presentinvention describes sustained release microparticle formulations ofnimodipine polymorphs with delayed release kinetics and improvedstability.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect disclosed herein are processes for producing asubstantially pure polymorphic form of a bioactive agent encapsulatedinto microparticles, wherein the process comprises: (a) providing asubstantially pure crystalline form of the bioactive agent; (b) addingthe substantially pure crystalline form of the bioactive agent to apolymer solution, thereby creating a mixture of the bioactive agent andthe polymer solution; (c) homogenizing the mixture to form a dispersephase; (d) mixing the disperse phase with a continuous phase comprisinga continuous process medium, thereby forming an emulsion comprising thebioactive agent; (e) forming and extracting the microparticlescomprising the substantially pure polymorphic form of the bioactiveagent; and (f) drying the microparticles.

According to a further aspect, the polymer solutions of theaforementioned processes comprise a polymer and a solvent. It isunderstood and herein contemplated that the disclosed polymers comprisein one aspect polylactide, polylactide-co-glycolide, poly(orthoester),and poly(anhydride). In a further aspect, the polymer comprises 8515 DLG6A, 8515 DLG 5A, 8515 DLG 4.5E, 88515 DLG 5E, 515 DLG 7A, 7525 DLG 7A,7525 DLG 7E, 7525 DLG 5E, 6535DLG 5E, 6353 DLG 2E, 6535 DLG 4A, 5050DLG4A, 5050 DLG2A, and 2000 MW DLPL. In another aspect, the solvent cancomprise ethyl acetate or dichloromethane.

According to another aspect, the processes disclosed herein comprisedrying the microparticle over a 4 to 48 hour period.

According to another aspect, disclosed herein are semisolid,biodegradable, biocompatible delivery systems capable of sustainedrelease kinetics comprising (i) a flowable microparticulate formulationcomprising substantially pure crystalline form of a bioactive agent, and(ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the microparticulateformulation comprises a plurality of microparticles of uniform sizedistribution, wherein the bioactive agent is dispersed throughout eachmicroparticle, and wherein the delivery system is further characterizedin that the microparticulate formulation is capable of delayed releaseof the bioactive agent within a half life from 1 day to 30 days.

According to another aspect, disclosed herein are methods for treatingat least one cerebral artery in a subarachnoid space at risk ofinterruption due to a brain injury in a human subject, comprising: (a)providing a flowable sustained release microparticle compositioncomprising: (i) a microparticulate formulation comprising a therapeuticamount of a substantially pure crystalline form I of nimodipine havingan X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum substantially the same asthe X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum shown in FIG. 11, whereinthe microparticulate formulation comprises a plurality microparticles ofuniform size distribution, wherein the therapeutic amount is effectiveto treat a delayed complication of the constriction of a cerebralartery, and (ii) a pharmaceutical carrier; and (b) administering thecomposition locally into a cerebral ventricle so that themicroparticulate formation flows from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inthe cerebral ventricle into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in thesubarachnoid space before releasing the nimodipine form I in thesubrachnoid space, wherein the nimodipine form I contacts and flowsaround the at least one cerebral artery in the subarachnoid spacewithout entering systemic circulation in an amount to cause unwantedside effects.

According to another aspect, disclosed herein are methods for treating acerebral vasospasm in a human subject, the method comprising: (a)providing a flowable sustained release microparticle compositioncomprising: (i) a microparticulate formulation comprising a therapeuticamount of a substantially pure crystalline form I of nimodipine havingan X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum substantially the same asthe X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum shown in FIG. 11, whereinthe microparticulate formulation comprises a plurality microparticles ofuniform size distribution, wherein the therapeutic amount is effectiveto treat a delayed complication of the constriction of a cerebralartery, and (ii) a pharmaceutical carrier; and b) administering thepharmaceutical composition to the human subject locally via surgicalinjection in a cistern closest to a cerebral artery at risk forvasospasm, such that the composition flows around the cerebral arterywithout entering the systemic circulation in an amount to cause unwantedside effects; wherein the pharmaceutical composition produces alocalized pharmacologic effect; and wherein the therapeutic amount iseffective to treat the cerebral vasospasm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 shows an IR spectrum of nimodipine Form I as obtained using asample of commercially available USP nimodipine Form I RS.

FIG. 2 shows an IR spectrum of nimodipine Form II as obtained using asample of commercially available USP nimodipine Form II RS.

FIG. 3 shows an overlay of IR spectra, obtained with samples of twoexemplary synthetic batches of nimodipine with the IR spectrum of FormI, obtained using a sample of the commercially available USP nimodipineForm I RS as a reference standard.

FIG. 4 shows the in vitro cumulative release of exemplarymicroparticulate nimodipine formulations expressed as weight % of theover time.

FIG. 5 shows rat plasma drug levels in ng/mL upon administration ofnimodipine microsphere formulations.

FIG. 6 shows scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of amicroparticulate nimodipine formulation according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 shows an illustrative view of the cerebral arteries.

FIG. 8A shows an exemplary view of the application of a calcium channelantagonist, endothelin receptor antagonist, or putative transientreceptor potential protein antagonist gel, slow-release solid orsemisolid compound to the anterior communicating artery according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8B shows a view of one embodiment of the application of a calciumchannel antagonist, endothelin receptor antagonist, or putativetransient receptor potential protein antagonist gel, slow-release solidor semisolid compound to the middle cerebral artery.

FIG. 8C shows a view of one embodiment of the application of a calciumchannel antagonist, endothelin antagonist, or putative transientreceptor potential protein antagonist gel, slow-release solid orsemisolid compound to the internal carotid artery.

FIG. 9A shows a flow diagram for prognosis following subarachnoidhemorrhage.

FIG. 9B shows a flow diagram of pathways proposed to be involved indelayed complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

FIG. 10 shows time trends in outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage in sevenpopulation-based studies of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which shows50% decrease in mortality over 20 years.

FIG. 11 shows an x-ray powder diffraction pattern of nimodipine form I.

FIG. 12 shows differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis ofnimodipine prepared with different solvents and microencapsulated. FIG.12A shows nimopidine prepared in dichloromethane (DCM) showing thepresence of polymorphic forms. FIG. 12B shows large pure nimodipineprepared in ethyl acetate (EtOAc). FIG. 12C shows thatmicroencapsulation under the same parameters does not effect the purityof the nimodipine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Glossary

The term “active” as used herein refers to the ingredient, component orconstituent of the compositions of the present invention responsible forthe intended therapeutic effect. The term “active ingredient” (“AI”,“active pharmaceutical ingredient”, “API”, or “bulk active”) is thesubstance in a drug that is pharmaceutically active. As used herein, thephrase “additional active ingredient” refers to an agent, other than acompound of the described composition, that exerts a pharmacological, orany other beneficial activity.

As used herein, a “wt. %” or “weight percent” or “percent by weight” ofa component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, refers to theratio of the weight of the component to the total weight of thecomposition in which the component is included, expressed as apercentage.

The term “additive effect”, as used herein, refers to a combined effectof two chemicals that is equal to the sum of the effect of each agentgiven alone.

“Admixture” or “blend” is generally used herein to refer to a physicalcombination of two or more different components. In the case ofpolymers, an admixture, or The term “administer” as used herein means togive or to apply.

The term “administering” as used herein includes in vivo administration,as well as administration directly to tissue ex vivo. Generally,compositions may be administered systemically either orally, buccally,parenterally, topically, by inhalation or insufflation (i.e., throughthe mouth or through the nose), or rectally in dosage unit formulationscontaining conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,adjuvants, and vehicles as desired, or may be locally administered bymeans such as, but not limited to, injection, implantation, grafting,topical application, or parenterally.

The term “agent” is used herein to refer generally to compounds that arecontained in or on the long-acting formulation. Agent may include anantibody or nucleic acid or an excipient or, more generally, anyadditive in the long-acting formulation. “Agent” includes a single suchcompound and is also intended to include a plurality of such compounds.

The term “agonist” as used herein refers to a chemical substance capableof activating a receptor to induce a pharmacological response. Receptorscan be activated or inactivated by either endogenous or exogenousagonists and antagonists, resulting in stimulating or inhibiting abiological response. A physiological agonist is a substance that createsthe same bodily responses, but does not bind to the same receptor. Anendogenous agonist for a particular receptor is a compound naturallyproduced by the body which binds to and activates that receptor. Asuperagonist is a compound that is capable of producing a greatermaximal response than the endogenous agonist for the target receptor,and thus an efficiency greater than 100%. This does not necessarily meanthat it is more potent than the endogenous agonist, but is rather acomparison of the maximum possible response that can be produced insidea cell following receptor binding. Full agonists bind and activate areceptor, displaying full efficacy at that receptor. Partial agonistsalso bind and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacyat the receptor relative to a full agonist. An inverse agonist is anagent which binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist forthat receptor and reverses constitutive activity of receptors. Inverseagonists exert the opposite pharmacological effect of a receptoragonist. An irreversible agonist is a type of agonist that bindspermanently to a receptor in such a manner that the receptor ispermanently activated. It is distinct from a mere agonist in that theassociation of an agonist to a receptor is reversible, whereas thebinding of an irreversible agonist to a receptor is believed to beirreversible. This causes the compound to produce a brief burst ofagonist activity, followed by desensitization and internalization of thereceptor, which with long-term treatment produces an effect more like anantagonist. A selective agonist is specific for one certain type ofreceptor.

The terms “anastomosis” and “anastomoses” are used interchangeably torefer to interconnections between blood vessels. These interconnectionsprotect the brain when part of its vascular supply is compromised. Atthe circle of Willis, the two anterior cerebral arteries are connectedby the anterior communicating artery and the posterior cerebral arteriesare connected to the internal carotid arteries by the posteriorcommunicating arteries. Other important anastomoses include connectionsbetween the ophthalmic artery and branches of the external carotidartery through the orbit, and connections at the brain surface betweenbranches of the middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries(Principles of Neural Sciences, 2d Ed., Eric R. Kandel and James H.Schwartz, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, pp. 854-56(1985)).

The term “angiographic vasospasm” as used herein refers to the reductionof vessel size that can be detected on angiographic exams, including,but not limited to, computed tomographic, magnetic resonance or catheterangiography, occurring in approximately 67% of patients followingsubarachnoid hemorrhage. On the other hand, the term “clinicalvasospasm” or “delayed cerebral ischemia” (DCI) as used herein refers tothe syndrome of confusion and decreased level of consciousnessassociated with reduced blood flow to the brain parenchyma, occurring inapproximately 30% of patients, and is now defined as DCI.

The term “antagonist” as used herein refers to a substance thatinterferes with the effects of another substance. Functional orphysiological antagonism occurs when two substances produce oppositeeffects on the same physiological function. Chemical antagonism orinactivation is a reaction between two substances to neutralize theireffects. Dispositional antagonism is the alteration of the dispositionof a substance (its absorption, biotransformation, distribution, orexcretion) so that less of the agent reaches the target or itspersistence there is reduced. Antagonism at the receptor for a substanceentails the blockade of the effect of an antagonist with an appropriateantagonist that competes for the same site.

The term “ataxia” as used herein refers to an inability to coordinatemuscle activity during voluntary movement.

The term “bioactive agent” is used herein to include a compound ofinterest contained in or on a pharmaceutical formulation or dosage formthat is used for pharmaceutical or medicinal purposes to provide someform of therapeutic effect or elicit some type of biologic response oractivity. “Bioactive agent” includes a single such agent and is alsointended to include a plurality of bioactive agents including, forexample, combinations of two or more bioactive agents.

The term “biocompatible” as used herein refers to a material that isgenerally non-toxic to the recipient and does not possess anysignificant untoward effects to the subject and, further, that anymetabolites or degradation products of the material are non-toxic to thesubject. Typically a substance that is “biocompatible” causes noclinically relevant tissue irritation, injury, toxic reaction, orimmunological reaction to living tissue.

The term “biodegradable” as used herein refers to a material that willerode to soluble species or that will degrade under physiologicconditions to smaller units or chemical species that are, themselves,non-toxic (biocompatible) to the subject and capable of beingmetabolized, eliminated, or excreted by the subject.

The term “cerebral artery” or its numerous grammatical forms refers tothe anterior communication artery, middle cerebral artery, internalcarotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, ophthalmic artery, anteriorchoroidal artery, posterior communicating artery, basilar artery, andvertebral artery, among others. The Circle of Willis at the base of thebrain is the principal arterial anastomotic trunk of the brain (See FIG.7). Blood reaches it mainly via the vertebral and internal carotidarteries; anastomoses occur between arterial branches of the circle ofWillis over the cerebral hemispheres and via extracranial arteries thatpenetrate the skull through various foramina. The circle of Willis isformed by anastamoses between the internal carotid, basilar, anteriorcerebral, anterior communicating, posterior cerebral, and posteriorcommunicating arteries. The internal carotid artery terminates in theanterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries. Near its termination,the internal carotid artery gives rise to the posterior communicatingartery, which joins caudally with the posterior cerebral artery. Theanterior cerebral arteries connect via the anterior communicatingartery.

The blood supply to the cerebral cortex mainly is via cortical branchesof the anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and posterior cerebralarteries, which reach the cortex in the pia mater. (CorrelativeNeuroanatomy & Functional Neurology, 18th Ed., p. 50, 1982).

The lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere is supplied mainly bythe middle cerebral artery. The medial and inferior surfaces of thecerebral hemispheres are supplied by the anterior cerebral and posteriorcerebral arteries.

The middle cerebral artery, a terminal branch of the internal carotidartery, enters the lateral cerebral fissure and divides into corticalbranches that supply the adjacent frontal, temporal, parietal andoccipital lobes. Small penetrating arteries, the lenticulostriatearteries, arise from the basal portion of the middle cerebral artery tosupply the internal capsule and adjacent structures.

The anterior cerebral artery extends medially from its origin from theinternal carotid artery into the longitudinal cerebral fissure to thegenu of the corupus callosum, where it turns posteriorly close to thecorpus callosum. It gives branches to the medial frontal and parietallobes and to the adjacent cortex along the medial surface of theselobes.

The posterior cerebral artery arises from the basilar artery at itsrostral end usually at the level of the midbrain, curves dorsally aroundthe cerebral peduncle, and sends branches to the medial and inferiorsurfaces of the temporal lobe and to the medial occipital lobe. Branchesinclude the calcarine artery and perforating branches to the posteriorthalamus and subthalamus.

The basilar artery is formed by the junction of the vertebral arteries.It supplies the upper brain stem via short paramedian, shortcicumferential, and long circumferential branches.

Venous drainage from the brain chiefly is into the dural sinuses,vascular channels lying within the tough structure of the dura. Thedural sinuses contain no valves and, for the most part, are triangularin shape. The superior longitudinal sinus is in the falx cerebri.

The term “cerebral vasospasm” as used herein refers to the delayedoccurrence of narrowing of large capacitance arteries at the base of thebrain after subarachnoid hemorrhage, often associated with diminishedperfusion in the territory distal to the affected vessel. Cerebralvasospasm may occur any time after rupture of an aneurysm but mostcommonly peaks at seven days following the hemorrhage and often resolveswithin 14 days when the blood has been absorbed by the body.

The term “chiral” is used to describe asymmetric molecules that arenonsuperposable since they are mirror images of each other and thereforehave the property of chirality. Such molecules are also calledenantiomers and are characterized by optical activity.

The term “chirality” refers to the geometric property of a rigid object(or spatial arrangement of points or atoms) of being non-superposable onits mirror image; such an object has no symmetry elements of the secondkind (a mirror plane, σ=S1, a center of inversion, i=S2, arotation-reflection axis, S2n). If the object is superposable on itsmirror image, the object is described as being achiral.

The term “chirality axis” refers to an axis about which a set of ligandsis held so that it results in a spatial arrangement which is notsuperposable on its mirror image. For example, with an allene abC=C=Ccdthe chiral axis is defined by the C═C═C bonds; and with anortho-substituted biphenyl C-1, C-1′, C-4 and C-4′ lie on the chiralaxis.

The term “chirality center” refers to an atom holding a set of ligandsin a spatial arrangement, which is not superposable on its mirror image.A chirality center may be considered a generalized extension of theconcept of the asymmetric carbon atom to central atoms of any element.

The terms “chiroptic” or “chiroptical” refer to the optical techniques(using refraction, absorption or emission of anisotropic radiation) forinvestigating chiral substances (for example, measurements of opticalrotation at a fixed wavelength, optical rotary dispersion (ORD),circular dichroism (CD) and circular polarization of luminescence(CPL)).

The term “chirotopic” refers to an atom (or point, group, face, etc. ina molecular model) that resides within a chiral environment. One thatresides within an achiral environment has been called achirotopic.

The term “cistern” or “cisterna” as used herein means a cavity orenclosed space serving as a reservoir.

The term “compounds of the present invention”, unless indicatedotherwise, refers to crystalline Form I and Form II of Nimodipine andthe amorphous form of Nimodipine.

The term “complication” as used herein refers to a pathological processor event during a disorder that is not an essential part of the disease,although it may result from it or from independent causes. A delayedcomplication is one that occurs some time after a triggering effect.Complications associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage include, but arenot limited to, angiographic vasospasm, microthromboemboli, and corticalspreading ischemia.

The term “condition”, as used herein, refers to a variety of healthstates and is meant to include disorders or diseases caused by anyunderlying mechanism or disorder, or injury.

The term “contact” and all its grammatical forms as used herein refersto an instance of exposure by close physical contact of at least onesubstance to another substance.

The term “controlled release” is intended to refer to anydrug-containing formulation in which the manner and profile of drugrelease from the formulation are regulated. This refers to immediate aswell as non-immediate release formulations, with non-immediate releaseformulations including, but not limited to, sustained release anddelayed release formulations.

The term “cortical spreading depolarization” or “CSD” as used hereinrefers to a wave of near-complete neuronal depolarization and neuronalswelling in the brain that is ignited when passive cation influx acrossthe cellular membrane exceeds ATP-dependent sodium and calcium pumpactivity. The cation influx is followed by water influx and shrinkage ofthe extracellular space by about 70%. If normal ion homoeostasis is notrestored through additional recruitment of sodium and calcium pumpactivity, the cell swelling is maintained—a process then termed“cytotoxic edema,” since it potentially leads to cell death through aprotracted intracellular calcium surge and mitochondrial depolarization.CSD induces dilation of resistance vessels in healthy tissue; henceregional cerebral blood flow increases during the neuronaldepolarization phase. (Dreier, J. P. et al., Brain 132: 1866-81 (2009).

The term “cortical spreading ischemia” or “CSI,” or “inverse hemodynamicresponse” refers to a severe microvascular spasm that is coupled to theneuronal depolarization phase. The resulting spreading perfusion deficitprolongs neuronal depolarization [as reflected by a prolonged negativeshift of the extracellular direct current (DC) potential] and theintracellular sodium and calcium surge. The hypoperfusion is significantenough to produce a mismatch between neuronal energy demand and supply.(Id.).

As used herein, the term “crystalline form” or “crystal form” means thata certain material has definite shape and an orderly arrangement ofstructural units, which are arranged in fixed geometric patterns orlattices.

The term “delayed cerebral ischemia” or “DCI” as used herein refers tothe occurrence of focal neurological impairment (such as hemiparesis,aphasia, apraxia, hemianopia, or neglect), or a decrease in the Glasgowcoma scale (either on the total score or on one of its individualcomponents [eye, motor on either side, verbal]). This may or may notlast for at least one hour, is not apparent immediately after aneurysmocclusion and cannot be attributed to other causes by means of clinicalassessment, CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning of thebrain, and appropriate laboratory studies. Angiographic cerebralvasospasm is a description of a radiological test (either CT angiography[CTA], MR angiography [MRA] MRA or catheter angiography [CA]), and maybe a cause of DCI.

The term “delayed release” is used herein in its conventional sense torefer to a drug formulation in which there is a time delay betweenadministration of the formulation and the release of the drug therefrom. “Delayed release” may or may not involve gradual release of drugover an extended period of time, and thus may or may not be “sustainedrelease.”

The term “diastereoisomerism” refers to stereoisomerism other thanenantiomerism. Diastereoisomers (or diastereomers) are stereoisomers notrelated as mirror images. Diastereoisomers are characterized bydifferences in physical properties, and by some differences in chemicalbehavior towards achiral as well as chiral reagents. Diastereomers havesimilar chemical properties, since they are members of the same family.Their chemical properties are not identical, however. Diastereomers havedifferent physical properties: different melting points, boiling points,solubilities in a given solvent, densities, refractive indexes, and soon. Diastereomers also differ in specific rotation; they may have thesame or opposite signs of rotation, or some may be inactive. Thepresence of two chiral centers can lead to the existence of as many asfour stereoisomers. For compounds containing three chiral centers, therecould be as many as eight stereoisomers; for compounds containing fourchiral centers, there could be as many as sixteen stereoisomers, and soon. The maximum number of stereoisomers that can exist is equal to 2n,where n is the number of chiral centers. The term “diastereotopic”refers to constitutionally equivalent atoms or groups of a moleculewhich are not symmetry related. Replacement of one of two diastereotopicatoms or groups results in the formation of one of a pair ofdiastereoisomers. For example, the two hydrogen atoms of the methylenegroup

are diastereotopic.

The term “disease” or “disorder”, as used herein, refers to animpairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning.

The term “dispersion”, as used herein, refers to a two-phase system, inwhich one phase is distributed as droplets in the second, or continuousphase. In these systems, the dispersed phase frequently is referred toas the discontinuous or internal phase, and the continuous phase iscalled the external phase and comprises a continuous process medium. Forexample, in course dispersions, the particle size is 0.5 μm. Incolloidal dispersions, size of the dispersed particle is in the range ofapproximately 1 nm to 0.5 μm. A molecular dispersion is a dispersion inwhich the dispersed phase consists of individual molecules; if themolecules are less than colloidal size, the result is a true solution.

The term “disposed”, as used herein, refers to being placed, arranged ordistributed in a particular fashion.

The term “drug” as used herein refers to a therapeutic agent or anysubstance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis,alleviation, treatment, or cure of disease.

The term “effective amount” refers to the amount necessary or sufficientto realize a desired biologic effect.

The term “emulsion” as used herein refers to a two-phase system preparedby combining two immiscible liquid carriers, one of which is disburseduniformly throughout the other and consists of globules that havediameters equal to or greater than those of the largest colloidalparticles. The globule size is critical and must be such that the systemachieves maximum stability. Usually, separation of the two phases willoccur unless a third substance, an emulsifying agent, is incorporated.Thus, a basic emulsion contains at least three components, the twoimmiscible liquid carriers and the emulsifying agent, as well as theactive ingredient. Most emulsions incorporate an aqueous phase into anon-aqueous phase (or vice versa). However, it is possible to prepareemulsions that are basically non-aqueous, for example, anionic andcationic surfactants of the non-aqueous immiscible system glycerin andolive oil.

The term “enantiomer” as used herein refers to one of a pair of opticalisomers containing one or more asymmetric carbons (C*) whose molecularconfigurations have left- and right-hand (chiral) configurations.Enantiomers have identical physical properties, except as to thedirection of rotation of the plane of polarized light. For example,glyceraldehyde and its mirror image have identical melting points,boiling points, densities, refractive indexes, and any other physicalconstant one might measure, expect that they are non-superimposable andone rotates the plane-polarized light to the right, while the other tothe left by the same amount of rotation.

The term “essentially the same” with reference to X-ray diffraction peakpositions means that typical peak position and intensity variability aretaken into account. For example, one skilled in the art will appreciatethat the peak positions (2Θ) will show some inter-apparatus variability,typically as much as 0.2°. Further, one skilled in the art willappreciate that relative peak intensities will show inter-apparatusvariability as well as variability due to degree of crystallinity,preferred orientation, prepared sample surface, and other factors knownto those skilled in the art, and should be taken as qualitative measureonly.

The term “excipient” is used herein to include any other agent orcompound that may be contained in a long-acting formulation that is notthe bioactive agent. As such, an excipient should be pharmaceutically orbiologically acceptable or relevant (for example, an excipient shouldgenerally be non-toxic to the subject). “Excipient” includes a singlesuch compound and is also intended to include a plurality of suchcompounds.

The term “flowable”, as used herein, refers to that which is capable ofmovement in, or as if in, a stream by continuous change of relativeposition.

The term “hydrogel” as used herein refers to a substance resulting in asolid, semisolid, pseudoplastic, or plastic structure containing anecessary aqueous component to produce a gelatinous or jelly-like mass.

The term “hypertension” as used herein refers to high systemic bloodpressure; transitory or sustained elevation of systemic blood pressureto a level likely to induce cardiovascular damage or other adverseconsequences.

The term “hypotension” as used herein refers to subnormal systemicarterial blood pressure; reduced pressure or tension of any kind

The term “implanting” as used herein refers to grafting, embedding orinserting a substance, composition, or device into a pre-determinedlocation within a tissue. The term “implant” as used herein is intendedto refer generally to a controlled release preformed macroscopic device.

The term “impregnate”, as used herein in its various grammatical formsrefers to causing to be infused or permeated throughout; to fillinterstices with a substance.

The phrase “in close proximity” as used herein refers to in thesubarachnoid space within about 0.001 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.010 mmto about 10 mm, about 0.020 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.030 mm to about10 mm, about 0.040 mm to about 10 mm, 0.050 mm to about 10 mm, about0.060 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.070 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.080 mmto about 10 mm, about 0.090 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.1 mm to about 10mm, about 0.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.4mm to about 10 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.6 mm to about 10mm, about 0.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 0.9mm to about 10 mm, about 1.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 1.1 mm to about 10mm, about 1.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 1.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 1.4mm to about 10 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 1.6 mm to about 10mm, about 1.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 1.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 1.9mm to about 10 mm, about 2.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 2.1 mm to about 10mm, about 2.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 2.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 2.4mm to about 10 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 2.6 mm to about 10mm, about 2.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 2.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 2.9mm to about 10 mm, about 3.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 3.1 mm to about 10mm, about 3.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 3.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 3.4mm to about 10 mm, about 3.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 3.6 mm to about 10mm, about 3.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 3.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 3.9mm to about 10 mm, about 4.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 4.1 mm to about 10mm, about 4.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 4.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 4.4mm to about 10 mm, about 4.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 4.6 mm to about 10mm, about 4.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 4.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 4.9mm to about 10 mm, about 5.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 5.1 mm to about 10mm, about 5.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 5.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 5.4mm to about 10 mm, about 5.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 5.6 mm to about 10mm, about 5.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 5.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 5.9mm to about 10 mm, about 6.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 6.1 mm to about 10mm, about 6.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 6.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 6.4mm to about 10 mm, about 6.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 6.6 mm to about 10mm, about 6.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 6.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 6.9mm to about 10 mm, about 7.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 7.1 mm to about 10mm, about 7.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 7.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 7.4mm to about 10 mm, about 7.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 7.6 mm to about 10mm, about 7.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 7.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 7.9mm to about 10 mm, about 8.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 8.1 mm to about 10mm, about 8.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 8.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 8.4mm to about 10 mm, about 8.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 8.6 mm to about 10mm, about 8.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 8.8 mm to about 10 mm, about 8.9mm to about 10 mm, about 9.0 mm to about 10 mm, about 9.1 mm to about 10mm, about 9.2 mm to about 10 mm, about 9.3 mm to about 10 mm, about 9.4mm to about 10 mm, about 9.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 9.6 mm to about 10mm, about 9.7 mm to about 10 mm, about 9.8 mm to about 10 mm, or about9.9 mm to about 10 mm of a site of brain injury or into a blood vesselin close proximity to the site of brain injury.

The terms “in the body”, “void volume”, “resection pocket”,“excavation”, “injection site”, “deposition site” or “implant site” or“site of delivery” as used herein are meant to include all tissues ofthe body without limit, and may refer to spaces formed therein frominjections, surgical incisions, tumor or tissue removal, tissueinjuries, abscess formation, or any other similar cavity, space, orpocket formed thus by action of clinical assessment, treatment orphysiologic response to disease or pathology as non-limiting examplesthereof.

The term “injury,” as used herein, refers to damage or harm to astructure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force,which may be physical or chemical.

The term “isolated molecule” as used herein refers to a molecule that issubstantially pure and is free of other substances with which it isordinarily found in nature or in vivo systems to an extent practical andappropriate for its intended use.

The term “isomer” as used herein refers to one of two or more moleculeshaving the same number and kind of atoms and hence the same molecularweight, but differing in chemical structure. Isomers may differ in theconnectivities of the atoms (structural isomers), or they may have thesame atomic connectivities but differ only in the arrangement orconfiguration of the atoms in space (stereoisomers). Stereoisomers mayinclude, but are not limited to, LIZ double bond isomers, enantiomers,and diastereomers. Structural moieties that, when appropriatelysubstituted, can impart stereoisomerism include, but are not limited to,olefinic, imine or oxime double bonds; tetrahedral carbon, sulfur,nitrogen or phosphorus atoms; and allenic groups. Enantiomers arenon-superimposable mirror images. A mixture of equal parts of theoptical forms of a compound is known as a racemic mixture or racemate.Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images. Theinvention provides for each pure stereoisomer of any of the compoundsdescribed herein. Such stereoisomers may include enantiomers,diastereomers, or E or Z alkene, imine or oxime isomers. The inventionalso provides for stereoisomeric mixtures, including racemic mixtures,diastereomeric mixtures, or E/Z isomeric mixtures. Stereoisomers can besynthesized in pure form (Nogradi, M.; Stereoselective Synthesis, (1987)VCH Editor Ebel, H. and Asymmetric Synthesis, Volumes 3-5, (1983)Academic Press, Editor Morrison, J.) or they can be resolved by avariety of methods such as crystallization and chromatographictechniques (Jaques, J.; Collet, A.; Wilen, S.; Enantiomer, Racemates,and Resolutions, 1981, John Wiley and Sons and Asymmetric Synthesis,Vol. 2, 1983, Academic Press, Editor Morrison, J). In addition thecompounds of the described invention may be present as enantiomers,diasteriomers, isomers or two or more of the compounds may be present toform a racemic or diastereomeric mixture.

The phrase “localized administration”, as used herein, refers toadministration of a therapeutic agent in a particular location in thebody that may result in a localized pharmacologic effect or a diffusepharmacologic effect. Local delivery of a bioactive agent to locationssuch as organs, cells or tissues can also result in a therapeuticallyuseful, long-lasting presence of a bioactive agent in those local sitesor tissues, since the routes by which a bioactive agent is distributed,metabolized, and eliminated from these locations may be different thanthe routes that define the pharmacokinetic duration of a bioactive agentdelivered to the general systemic circulation. The present invention candeliver to any variety of sites, locations, organs, cells, or tissuesthroughout the body. In one aspect, the delivery is to locations thathistorically are limited in the volume of administered formulation, thatis, only a small amount of formulation volume is capable of beingadministered. This aspect includes, but is not limited to, a localdelivery, an interarticular delivery, such as between the joints,orthopedic sites (bones, bone defects, joints, and the like), CNSlocations (including, for example, spinal, cerebrospinal or intrathecaldelivery or delivery into the brain or to specific sites in and aroundthe brain), intradermal, intratumor, peritumor, or ocular delivery (tosites adjacent to or on the eye, sites within ocular tissue, orintravitreal delivery inside the eye).

The phrase “localized pharmacologic effect”, as used herein, refers to apharmacologic effect limited to a certain location, i.e. in proximity toa certain location, place, area or site. The phrase “predominantlylocalized pharmacologic effect”, as used herein, refers to apharmacologic effect of a drug limited to a certain location by at least1 to 3 orders of magnitude achieved with a localized administration ascompared to a systemic administration.

The methods of the present invention includes the use of any type oflong-acting formulation or dosage form that may be used for delivery ofbioactive agent to prolong or extend a bioactive agent, such as abioactive agent release, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamic effects or profiles.

The term “long-term” release, as used herein, refers to an implantconstructed and arranged to deliver therapeutic levels of the activeingredient for at least 7 days, and potentially up to about 30 to about60 days. Terms such as “long-acting”, “sustained-release” or “controlledrelease” are used generally to describe a formulation, dosage form,device or other type of technologies used, such as, for example, in theart to achieve the prolonged or extended release or bioavailability ofbioactive agent to a subject; it may refer to technologies that provideprolonged or extended release or bioavailability of a bioactive agent tothe general systemic circulation or a subject or to local sites ofaction in a subject including (but not limited to) cells, tissues,organs, joints, regions, and the like. Furthermore, these terms mayrefer to a technology that is used to prolong or extend the release of abioactive agent from a formulation or dosage form or they may refer to atechnology used to extend or prolong the bioavailability or thepharmacokinetics or the duration of action of a bioactive agent to asubject or they may refer to a technology that is used to extend orprolong the pharmacodynamic effect elicited by a formulation. A“long-acting formulation,” a “sustained release formulation,” or a“controlled release formulation” (and the like) is a pharmaceuticalformulation, dosage form, or other technology that is used to providelong-acting release of a bioactive agent to a subject.

Generally, long-acting or sustained release formulations comprise abioactive agent or agents (including, for example, an antibody ornucleic acid, steroid, or nimodipine) that is/are incorporated orassociated with a biocompatible polymer in one manner or another. Thepolymers typically used in the preparation of long-acting formulationsinclude, but are not limited, to biodegradable polymers (such as thepolyesters poly(lactide), poly(lactide-co-glycolide),poly(caprolactone), poly(hydroxybutyrates), and the like) andnon-degradable polymers (such as ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA), siliconepolymers, and the like). The agent may be blended homogeneouslythroughout the polymer or polymer matrix or the agent may be distributedunevenly (or discontinuously or heterogeneously) throughout the polymeror polymer matrix (as in the case of a bioactive agent-loaded core thatis surrounded by a polymer-rich coating or polymer wall forming materialas in the case of a microcapsule, nanocapsule, a coated or encapsulatedimplant, and the like). The dosage form may be in the physical form ofparticles, film, a fiber, a filament, a cylindrical implant, aasymmetrically-shaped implant, or a fibrous mesh (such as a woven ornon-woven material; felt; gauze, sponge, and the like). When in the formof particles, the formulation may be in the form of microparticles,nanoparticles, microspheres, nanospheres, microcapsules or nanocapsules,and particles, in general, and combinations thereof. As such, thelong-acting (or sustained-release) formulations of the present inventionmay include any variety of types or designs that are described, used orpracticed in the art.

Long-acting formulations containing bioactive agents can be used todeliver those agents to the systemic circulation or they can be used toachieve local or site-specific delivery to cells, tissues, organs, bonesand the like that are located nearby the site of administration.Further, formulations can be used to achieve systemic delivery of thebioactive agent and/or local delivery of the bioactive agent.Formulations can be delivered by injection (through, for example,needles, syringes, trocars, cannula, and the like) or by implantation.Delivery can be made via any variety of routes of administrationcommonly used for medical, clinical, surgical purposes including, butnot limited to, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intradermal, infusion and intracatheterdelivery (and the like) in addition to delivery to specific locations(such as local delivery) including intrathecal, intracardiac,intraosseous (bone marrow), stereotactic-guided delivery, infusiondelivery, CNS delivery, stereo-tactically administered delivery,orthopedic delivery (for example, delivery to joints, into bone, intobone defects and the like), cardiovascular delivery, inter- and intra-and para-ocular (including intravitreal and scleral and retrobulbar andsub-tenons delivery and the like), any delivery to any multitude ofother sites, locations, organs, tissues, etc.

In one aspect, the methods of the present invention therefore envisionutilizing any technology that is used (or may be envisioned to be used)in the field for parenteral routes of administration including, forexample but without being limited to those described by: Maindares andSilva, Curr Drug Targets, 5(5), 449 (2004); or, Degim and Celebi, CurrPharm Des, 13(1), 99 (2007); or, Encyclopedia of PharmaceuticalTechnology, James Swarbrick and James Boylan (Editors), Marcel Dekker,New York (2004); or, Encyclopedia of Controlled Drug Delivery, EdithMathiowitz (Editor); John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999); or ControlledRelease Veterinary Drug Delivery, Robert Gurny and Michael J. Rathbone(Editors); Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2000); orEncyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, James Schwarz, CristianContescu, Karol Putyera (Editors), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (2004);or Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Gary Wnekand Gary Bowlin (Editors), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (2004); or,Malik, Baboota, Ahuja, and Hassan, Curr Drug Deliv., 4(2), 141 (2007);or Nair and Laurencin, Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol, 102, 47 (2006); andthe like. All of the above references are incorporated herein by thisreference for all of their teachings as well as for the specificteachings of parenteral route technology methods.

In one aspect, the methods of the present invention include long-actingformulations that can be administered by needle, injection, infusion,implantation (as might be conducted either clinically or surgically),and the like.

The term “meninges” refers to three distinct connective tissue membranesthat enclose and protect the brain and spinal cord; they are named (fromouter to inner layer) the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.

The dura mater is a dense fibrous structure that covers the brain andspinal cord. It has an inner meningeal and an outer periosteal orendosteal layer. The dural layers over the brain generally are fused,except where they separate to provide space for the venous sinuses andwhere the inner layer forms septa between brain portions. The outerlayer attaches firmly to the inner surface of the cranial bones andsends vascular and fibrous extensions into the bone itself. Around themargin of the foramen magnum (the large opening in the base of the skullforming the passage from the cranial cavity to the spinal cavity) it isclosely adherent to the bone, and is continuous with the spinal duramater. The dura mater sends inward four processes that divide the cavityof the skull into a series of freely communicating compartments andfurther provides for the protection of the different parts of the brain.The processes of the cranial dura mater, which project into the cavityof the skull, are formed by reduplications of the inner (or meningeal)layer of the membrane. These processes include: (1) the falx cerebri,(2) the tentorium cerebelli, (3) the falx cerebelli, and (4) thediaphragma sellae.

The falx cerebri is a strong, arched process with a sickle-like formwhich descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between thecerebral hemispheres. It is narrow in front, where it is attached to theethmoid bone (the bone at the base of the cranium and the root of thenose) at the crista galli (the triangular midline process of the ethmoidbone); and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface ofthe tentorium cerebelli (an arched fold of dura mater that covers theupper surface of the cerebellum). Its upper margin is convex, andattached to the inner surface of the skull in the middle line, as farback as the internal occipital protuberance; it contains the superiorsagittal sinus. Its lower margin is free and concave, and contains theinferior sagittal sinus.

The tentorium cerebelli is an arched lamina, elevated in the middle, andinclining downward toward the circumference. It covers the superiorsurface of the cerebellum, and supports the occipital lobes of thebrain. Its anterior border is free and concave, and bounds a large ovalopening (the incisura tentorii) for the transmission of the cerebralpeduncles (the massive bundle of corticofugal nerve fibers passinglongitudinally over the ventral surface of the midbrain on each side ofthe midline) as well as ascending sensory and autonomic fibers and otherfiber tracts. The tentorium cerebelli is attached, behind, by its convexborder, to the transverse ridges upon the inner surface of the occipitalbone, and there encloses the transverse sinuses; and, in front, to thesuperior angle of the petrous part of the temporal bone on either side,enclosing the superior petrosal sinuses. At the apex of the petrous partof the temporal bone the free and attached borders meet, and, crossingone another, are continued forward to be fixed to the anterior andposterior clinoid processes respectively. The posterior border of thefalx cerebri is attached to the middle line of its upper surface. Thestraight sinus is placed at the junction of the falx cerebri and thetentorium cerebelli.

The falx cerebelli is a small triangular process of dura mater thatseparates the two cerebellar hemispheres. Its base is attached, above,to the under and back part of the tentorium; and its posterior margin isattached to the lower division of the vertical crest on the innersurface of the occipital bone. As it descends, it sometimes divides intotwo smaller folds, which are lost on the sides of the foramen magnum.

The diaphragma sellae is a small circular horizontal fold, which roofsin the sella turcica (a saddlelike prominence on the upper surface ofthe sphenoid bone of the skull, situated in the middle cranial fossa anddividing it into two halves) and almost completely covers the pituitarygland (hypophysis); a central opening of variable size transmits theinfundibulum (a funnel-shaped extension of the hypothalamus connectingthe pituitary gland to the base of the brain).

The arteries of the dura mater are numerous. The meningeal branches ofthe anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries and of the internalcarotid artery, and a branch from the middle meningeal artery supply thedura of the anterior cranial fossa. The middle and accessory meningealarteries of the internal maxillary artery; a branch from the ascendingpharyngeal artery, which enters the skull through the foramen lacerum;branches from the internal carotid artery, and a recurrent branch fromthe lacrimal artery supply the dura of the middle cranial fossa.Meningeal branches from the occipital artery, one entering the skullthrough the jugular foramen, and another through the mastoid foramen;the posterior meningeal artery from the vertebral artery; occasionalmeningeal branches from the ascending pharyngeal artery, entering theskull through the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal; and a branchfrom the middle meningeal artery supply the dura of the posteriorcranial fossa.

The veins returning the blood from the cranial dura mater anastomosewith the diploic veins or end in the various sinuses. Many of themeningeal veins do not open directly into the sinuses, but openindirectly through a series of ampullae, termed venous lacunae. Theseare found on either side of the superior sagittal sinus, especially nearits middle portion, and are often invaginated by arachnoid granulations;they also exist near the transverse and straight sinuses. Theycommunicate with the underlying cerebral veins, and also with thediploic and emissary veins.

The nerves of the cranial dura mater are filaments derived from thetrigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagal, second and third spinal,sphenopalatine, otic, and superior cervical ganglia and supplyunmyelinated and myelinated sensory and autonomic fibers.

The middle meningeal layer, the arachnoid, is a delicate avascularmembrane lying between the pia mater and the dura mater. It is separatedfrom the overlying dura mater by the subdural space and from theunderlying pia mater by the subarachnoid space, which containscerebrospinal fluid.

The arachnoid consists of an outer cell layer of low cuboidalmesothelium. There is a space of variable thickness filled withcerebrospinal fluid and traversed by trabeculae and membranes consistingof collagen fibrils and cells resembling fibroblasts. The inner layerand the trabecula are covered by a somewhat low type of cuboidalmesothelium, which in places are flattened to a pavement type and blendson the inner deep layer with the cells of the pia mater. The arachnoidfurther contains a plexus of nerves derived from the motor root of thetrigeminal, the facial, and the accessory cranial nerves.

The cranial part (arachnoidea encephali) of the arachnoid invests thebrain loosely, and does not dip into the sulci (depressions or fissuresin the surface of the brain) between the gyri (upraised folds orelevations in the surface of the brain), nor into the fissures, with theexception of the longitudinal fissure and several other larger sulci andfissures. On the upper surface of the brain, the arachnoid is thin andtransparent; at the base it is thicker. It is slightly opaque toward thecentral part of the brain, where it extends across between the twotemporal lobes in front of the pons so as to leave a considerable spacebetween the pons and the brain.

The arachnoid surrounds the cranial and spinal nerves, and encloses themin loose sheaths as far as their points of exit from the skull.

The arachnoid villi are tufted prolongations of pia-arachnoid thatprotrude through the meningeal layer of the dura mater and have a thinlimiting membrane. Tufted prolongations of pia-arachnoid composed ofnumerous arachnoid villi that penetrate dural venous sinuses and effecttransfer of cerebrospinal fluid to the venous system are calledarachnoid granulations.

An arachnoidal villus represents an invasion of the dura by thearachnoid membrane, whereby arachnoid mesothelial cells come to liedirectly beneath the vascular endothelium of the great dural sinuses.Each villus consists of the following parts: (1) in the interior is acore of subarachnoid tissue, continuous with the meshwork of the generalsubarachnoid tissue through a narrow pedicle, by which the villus isattached to the arachnoid; (2) around this tissue is a layer ofarachnoid membrane, limiting and enclosing the subarachnoid tissue; (3)outside this is the thinned wall of the lacuna, which is separated fromthe arachnoid by a potential space, which corresponds to and iscontinuous with the potential subdural space; and (4) if the villusprojects into the sagittal sinus, it will be covered by the greatlythinned wall of the sinus, which may consist merely of endothelium.Fluid injected into the subarachnoid cavity will find its way into thesevilli. Such fluid passes from the villi into the venous sinuses intowhich they project.

The pia mater is a thin connective tissue membrane that is applied tothe surface of the brain and spinal cord. It forms sheaths for thecranial nerves. Blood vessels supplying the brain travel through the piainto the brain. The pia mater is absent at the foramen of Majendie andthe two foramina of Luschka and is perforated by all the blood vesselsas they enter or leave the nervous system, and therefore is consideredto be an incomplete membrane. In perivascular spaces, the pia apparentlyenters as a mesothelial lining of the outer surface of the space; avariable distance from the exterior, these cells become unrecognizableand are apparently lacking, replaced by neuroglia elements. The innerwalls of the perivascular spaces likewise seem to be covered for acertain distance by the mesothelial cells, reflected with the vesselsfrom the arachnoid covering of these vascular channels as they traversethe subarachnoid spaces.

The cranial pia mater (pia mater encephali; pia of the brain) investsthe entire surface of the brain, dips between the cerebral gyri andcerebellar lamine, and is invaginated to form the tela chorioidea of thethird ventricle, and the choroid plexuses of the lateral and thirdventricles. As it passes over the roof of the fourth ventricle, it formsthe tela chorioidea and the choroid plexuses of the fourth ventricle. Onthe cerebellum the membrane is more delicate; the vessels from its deepsurface are shorter, and its relations to the cortex are not sointimate.

The term “microparticulate composition”, as used herein, refers to acomposition comprising a microparticulate formulation and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where the microparticulateformulation comprises a therapeutic agent and a plurality ofmicroparticles.

The terms “microencapsulated” and “encapsulated” are used herein torefer generally to a bioactive agent that is incorporated into any sortof long-acting formulation or technology regardless of shape or design;therefore, a “microencapsulated” or “encapsulated” bioactive agent mayinclude bioactive agents that are incorporated into a particle or amicroparticle and the like or it may include a bioactive agent that isincorporated into a solid implant and so on.

The term “modified bioactive agent” and the like is used herein torefer, generally, to a bioactive agent that has been modified withanother entity through either covalent means or by non-covalent means.The term also is used to include prodrug forms of bioactive agents,where the prodrug form could be a polymeric prodrug or non-polymericprodrug. Modifications conducted using polymers could be carried outwith synthetic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol, PEG;polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP; polyethylene oxide, PEO; propylene oxide,PPO; copolymers thereof; and the like) or biopolymers (such aspolysaccharides, proteins, polypeptides, among others) or synthetic ormodified biopolymers.

The term “modulate” as used herein means to regulate, alter, adapt, oradjust to a certain measure or proportion.

The term “optical rotation” refers to the change of direction of theplane of polarized light to either the right or the left as it passesthrough a molecule containing one or more asymmetric carbon atoms orchirality centers. The direction of rotation, if to the right, isindicated by either a plus sign (+) or a d−; if to the left, by a minus(−) or an l−. Molecules having a right-handed configuration (D) usuallyare dextrorotatory, D(+), but may be levorotatory, L(−). Moleculeshaving left-handed configuration (L) are usually levorotatory, L(−), butmay be dextrorotatory, D(+). Compounds with this property are said to beoptically active and are termed optical isomers. The amount of rotationof the plane of polarized light varies with the molecule but is the samefor any two isomers, though in opposite directions.

The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to introduction into thebody by way of an injection (i.e., administration by injection),including, for example, subcutaneously (i.e., an injection beneath theskin), intramuscularly (i.e., an injection into a muscle); intravenously(i.e., an injection into a vein), intrathecally (i.e., an injection intothe space around the spinal cord or under the arachnoid membrane of thebrain), intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques. A parenterallyadministered composition is delivered using a needle, e.g., a surgicalneedle.

The term “particles” as used herein refers to an extremely smallconstituent, e.g., nanoparticles or microparticles) that may contain inwhole or in part at least one therapeutic agent as described herein. Theterm “microparticle” is used herein to refer generally to a variety ofsubstantially structures having sizes from about 10 nm to 2000 microns(2 millimeters) and includes microcapsule, microsphere, nanoparticle,nanocapsule, nanosphere as well as particles, in general, that are lessthan about 2000 microns (2 millimeters). The particles may containtherapeutic agent(s) in a core surrounded by a coating. Therapeuticagent(s) also may be dispersed throughout the particles. Therapeuticagent(s) also may be adsorbed into the particles. The particles may beof any order release kinetics, including zero order release, first orderrelease, second order release, delayed release, sustained release,immediate release, etc., and any combination thereof. The particle mayinclude, in addition to therapeutic agent(s), any of those materialsroutinely used in the art of pharmacy and medicine, including, but notlimited to, erodible, nonerodible, biodegradable, or nonbiodegradablematerial or combinations thereof. The particles may be microcapsulesthat contain the voltage-gated calcium channel antagonist in a solutionor in a semi-solid state. The particles may be of virtually any shape.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” is used herein to refer to acomposition that is employed to prevent, reduce in intensity, cure orotherwise treat a target condition or disease.

As used herein the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refersto any substantially non-toxic carrier useable for formulation andadministration of the composition of the described invention in whichthe product of the described invention will remain stable andbioavailable. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier must be ofsufficiently high purity and of sufficiently low toxicity to render itsuitable for administration to the mammal being treated. It furthershould maintain the stability and bioavailability of an active agent.The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be liquid or solid and isselected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, to providefor the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with an activeagent and other components of a given composition. The term“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means those salts which are, withinthe scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact withthe tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity,irritation, allergic response and the like and are commensurate with areasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The term “pharmacologic effect”, as used herein, refers to a result orconsequence of exposure to an active agent.

As used herein, the term “polymorph” refers to crystalline forms havingthe same chemical composition but different spatial arrangements of themolecules, atoms, and/or ions forming the crystal.

The term “racemate” as used herein refers to an equimolar mixture of twooptically active components that neutralize the optical effect of eachother and is therefore optically inactive.

The term “release” and its various grammatical forms, refers todissolution of an active drug component and diffusion of the dissolvedor solubilized species by a combination of the following processes: (1)hydration of a matrix, (2) diffusion of a solution into the matrix; (3)dissolution of the drug; and (4) diffusion of the dissolved drug out ofthe matrix.

The term “reduce” or “reducing” as used herein refers to a diminution, adecrease, an attenuation, limitation or abatement of the degree,intensity, extent, size, amount, density, number or occurrence ofdisorder in individuals at risk of developing the disorder.

The term “subarachnoid cavity” or “subarachnoid space” refers to thespace between the outer cellular layer of the arachnoid and the piamater, is occupied by tissue consisting of trabeculae of delicateconnective tissue and intercommunicating channels in which thecerebrospinal fluid is contained. This cavity is small on the surface ofthe hemispheres of the brain; on the summit of each gyrus the pia materand the arachnoid are in close contact; but triangular spaces are leftin the sulci between the gyri, in which the subarachnoid trabeculartissue is found, because the pia mater dips into the sulci, whereas thearachnoid bridges across them from gyrus to gyrus. At certain parts ofthe base of the brain, the arachnoid is separated from the pia mater bywide intervals, which communicate freely with each other and are namedsubarachnoid cisternae; the subarachnoid tissue in these cisternae isless abundant.

The subarachnoid cisternae (cisternae subarachnoidales)” include thecisterna cerebellomedularis, the cisterna pontis, the cisternainterpeduncularis, cisterna chiasmatis, cisterna fossae cerebrilateralis and cisterna venae magnae cerebri.

The cisterna cerebellomedullaris (cisterna magna) is triangular onsagittal section, and results from the arachnoid bridging over the spacebetween the medulla oblongata and the under surfaces of the hemispheresof the cerebellum; it is continuous with the subarachnoid cavity of thespinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum.

The cisterna pontis is a considerable space on the ventral aspect of thepons. It contains the basilar artery, and is continuous behind theponswith the subarachnoid cavity of the spinal cord, and with thecisterna cerebellomedullaris; in front of the pons, it is continuouswith the cisterna interpeduncularis.

The cisterna interpeduncularis (cisterna basalis) is a wide cavity wherethe arachnoid extends across between the two temporal lobes. It enclosesthe cerebral peduncles and the structures contained in theinterpeduncular fossa, and contains the arterial circle of Willis. Infront, the cisterna interpeduncularis extends forward across the opticchiasma, forming the cisterna chiasmatis, and on to the upper surface ofthe corpus callosum. The arachnoid stretches across from one cerebralhemisphere to the other immediately beneath the free border of the falxcerebri, and thus leaves a space in which the anterior cerebral arteriesare contained. The cisterna fossae cerebri lateralis is formed in frontof either temporal lobe by the arachnoid bridging across the lateralfissure. This cavity contains the middle cerebral artery. The cisternavenae magnae cerebri occupies the interval between the splenium of thecorpus callosum and the superior surface of the cerebellum; it extendsbetween the layers of the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle andcontains the great cerebral vein.

The subarachnoid cavity communicates with the general ventricular cavityof the brain by three openings; one, the foramen of Majendie, is in themiddle line at the inferior part of the roof of the fourth ventricle;the other two (the foramina of Luschka) are at the extremities of thelateral recesses of that ventricle, behind the upper roots of theglossopharyngeal nerves.

The term “subarachnoid hemorrhage” or “SAH” is used herein to refer to acondition in which blood collects beneath the arachnoid mater. Thisarea, called the subarachnoid space, normally contains cerebrospinalfluid. The accumulation of blood in the subarachnoid space may lead tostroke, seizures, and other complications. Additionally, SAH may causepermanent brain damage and a number of harmful biochemical events in thebrain. Causes of SAH include bleeding from a cerebral aneurysm, vascularanomaly, trauma and extension into the subarachnoid space from a primaryintracerebral hemorrhage. Symptoms of SAH include, for example, suddenand severe headache, nausea and/or vomiting, symptoms of meningealirritation (e.g., neck stiffness, low back pain, bilateral leg pain),photophobia and visual changes, and/or loss of consciousness. SAH isoften secondary to a head injury or a blood vessel defect known as ananeurysm. In some instances, SAH can induce cerebral vasospasm that mayin turn lead to an ischemic stroke. A common manifestation of a SAH isthe presence of blood in the CSF. Subjects having a SAH may beidentified by a number of symptoms. For example, a subject having an SAHwill present with blood in the subarachnoid space. Subjects having anSAH can also be identified by an intracranial pressure that approximatesmean arterial pressure at least during the actual hemorrhage from aruptured aneurysm, by a fall in cerebral perfusion pressure, or by thesudden severe headache, sudden transient loss of consciousness(sometimes preceded by a painful headache), sudden loss of consciousnessor sometimes sudden collapse and death. In about half of cases, subjectspresent with a severe headache which may be associated with physicalexertion. Other symptoms associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage includenausea, vomiting, memory loss, hemiparesis and aphasia. Subjects havinga SAH also may be identified by the presence of creatine kinase-BBisoenzyme activity in their CSF. This enzyme is enriched in the brainbut normally is not present in the CSF. Thus, its presence in the CSF isindicative of “leak” from the brain into the subarachnoid space. Assayof creatine-kinase BB isoenzyme activity in the CSF is described byCoplin et al. (Coplin et al 1999 Arch Neurol 56, 1348-1352)Additionally, a spinal tap or lumbar puncture may be used to demonstratewhether blood is present in the CSF, a strong indication of an SAH. Acranial CT scan or an MRI also may be used to identify blood in thesubarachnoid region. Angiography also may be used to determine not onlywhether a hemorrhage has occurred, but also the location of thehemorrhage. Subarachnoid hemorrhage commonly results from rupture of anintracranial saccular aneurysm or from malformation of the arteriovenoussystem in the brain. Accordingly, a subject at risk of having an SAHincludes a subject having a saccular aneurysm as well as a subjecthaving a malformation of the arteriovenous system. Common sites ofsaccular aneurysms are the anterior communicating artery region, theorigin of the posterior communicating artery from the internal carotidartery, the middle cerebral artery, the top of the basilar artery andthe junction of the basilar artery with the superior cerebellar or theanterior inferior cerebellar artery. Subjects having SAH may beidentified by an eye examination, whereby hemorrhage into the vitreoushumor or slowed eye movement may indicate brain damage. A subject with asaccular aneurysm may be identified through routine medical imagingtechniques, such as CT and MRI. A saccular or cerebral aneurysm forms amushroom-like or berry-like shape (sometimes referred to as “a dome witha neck” shape).

The terms “subject” or “individual” or “patient” are usedinterchangeably to refer to a member of an animal species of mammalianorigin, including humans.

The phrase “a subject having microthromboemboli” as used herein refersto a subject who presents with diagnostic markers associated withmicrothromboemboli. Diagnostic markers include, but are not limited to,the presence of blood in the CSF and/or a recent history of a SAH and/ordevelopment of neurological deterioration one to 14 days after SAH whenthe neurological deterioration is not due to another cause that can bediagnosed, including but not limited to seizures, hydrocephalus,increased intracranial pressure, infection, intracranial hemorrhage orother systemic factors. Another diagnostic marker may be embolic signalsdetected on transcranial Doppler ultrasound of large conducting cerebralarteries. Microthromboemboli-associated symptoms include, but are notlimited to, paralysis on one side of the body, inability to vocalize thewords or to understand spoken or written words, and inability to performtasks requiring spatial analysis. Such symptoms may develop over a fewdays, or they may fluctuate in their appearance, or they may presentabruptly.

The phrase “a subject having cortical spreading ischemia” as used hereinmeans refers to a subject who presents with diagnostic markersassociated with cortical spreading ischemia. Diagnostic markers include,but are not limited to, the presence of blood in the CSF and/or a recenthistory of a SAH and/or development of neurological deterioration one to14 days after SAH when the neurological deterioration is not due toanother cause that can be diagnosed, including but not limited toseizures, hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, infection,intracranial hemorrhage or other systemic factors. Another diagnosticmarker may be detection of propagating waves of depolarization withvasoconstriction detected by electrocorticography. Cortical spreadingischemia-associated symptoms include, but are not limited to, paralysison one side of the body, inability to vocalize the words or tounderstand spoken or written words, and inability to perform tasksrequiring spatial analysis. Such symptoms may develop over a few days,or they may fluctuate in their appearance, or they may present abruptly.

A subject at risk of DCI, microthromboemboli, cortical spreadingischemia, or angiographic vasospasm is one who has one or morepredisposing factors to the development of these conditions. Apredisposing factor includes, but is not limited to, existence of a SAH.A subject who has experienced a recent SAH is at significantly higherrisk of developing angiographic vasospasm and DCI than a subject who hasnot had a recent SAH. MR angiography, CT angiography and catheterangiography can be used to diagnose at least one of DCI,microthromboemboli, cortical spreading ischemia or angiographicvasospasm. Angiography is a technique in which a contrast agent isintroduced into the blood stream in order to view blood flow and/orarteries. A contrast agent is required because blood flow and/orarteries sometimes are only weakly apparent in a regular MR scan, CTscan or radiographic film for catheter angiography. Appropriate contrastagents will vary depending upon the imaging technique used. For example,gadolinium is commonly used as a contrast agent used in MR scans. OtherMR appropriate contrast agents are known in the art.

As used herein, the term “substantially pure” with reference to aparticular polymorphic form means that the polymorphic form includesless than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than10%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than1% by weight of any other physical forms of the compound.

By “sufficient amount” and “sufficient time” means an amount and timeneeded to achieve the desired result or results, e.g., dissolve aportion of the polymer.

The term “surfactant” or “surface-active agent” as used herein refers toan agent, usually an organic chemical compound that is at leastpartially amphiphilic, i.e., typically containing a hydrophobic tailgroup and hydrophilic polar head group

The term “surgical needle” as used herein, refers to any needle adaptedfor delivery of fluid (i.e., capable of flow) compositions into aselected anatomical structure. Injectable preparations, such as sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulatedaccording to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agentsand suspending agents.

The term “sustained release” (also referred to as “extended release”) isused herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulationthat provides for gradual release of a drug over an extended period oftime, and that preferably, although not necessarily, results insubstantially constant blood levels of a drug over an extended timeperiod. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administereddrug Form Is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oilvehicle. Nonlimiting examples of sustained release biodegradablepolymers include polyesters, polyester polyethylene glycol copolymers,polyamino-derived biopolymers, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters,polyphosphazenes, SAIB, photopolymerizable biopolymers, proteinpolymers, collagen, polysaccharides, chitosans, and alginates

The term “syndrome,” as used herein, refers to a pattern of symptomsindicative of some disease or condition.

The term “therapeutic effect” as used herein refers to a consequence oftreatment, the results of which are judged to be desirable andbeneficial. A therapeutic effect may include, directly or indirectly,the arrest, reduction, or elimination of a disease manifestation. Atherapeutic effect may also include, directly or indirectly, the arrestreduction or elimination of the progression of a disease manifestation.

The term “therapeutically effective amount”, “effective amount”, or an“amount effective” of one or more of the active agents is an amount thatis sufficient to provide the intended benefit of treatment. Combinedwith the teachings provided herein, by choosing among the various activecompounds and weighing factors such as potency, relativebioavailability, patient body weight, severity of adverse side-effectsand preferred mode of administration, an effective prophylactic ortherapeutic treatment regimen may be planned which does not causesubstantial toxicity and yet is effective to treat the particularsubject. A therapeutically effective amount of the active agents thatcan be employed ranges from generally 0.1 mg/kg body weight and about 50mg/kg body weight. The therapeutically effective amount for anyparticular application may vary depending on such factors as the diseaseor condition being treated, the particular calcium channel inhibitor,calcium channel antagonist, transient receptor potential proteinantagonist, or endothelin antagonist being administered, the size of thesubject, or the severity of the disease or condition. One of ordinaryskill in the art may determine empirically the effective amount of aparticular inhibitor and/or other therapeutic agent withoutnecessitating undue experimentation. It is preferred generally that amaximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to somemedical judgment. “Dose” and “dosage” are used interchangeably herein.

The term “therapeutic agent” as used herein refers to a drug, molecule,nucleic acid, protein, composition or other substance that provides atherapeutic effect. The terms “therapeutic agent” and “active agent” areused interchangeably.

The therapeutic agent(s), may be provided in particles. The term“particles” as used herein refers to nano or microparticles (or in someinstances larger) that may contain in whole or in part the calciumchannel inhibitor, calcium channel antagonist, or the other therapeuticagent(s) as described herein, including, but not limited to, endothelinantagonist and transient receptor potential protein antagonist. Theparticles may contain the therapeutic agent(s) in a core surrounded by acoating. The therapeutic agent(s) also may be dispersed throughout theparticles. The therapeutic agent(s) also may be adsorbed into theparticles. The particles may be of any order release kinetics, includingzero order release, first order release, second order release, delayedrelease, sustained release, immediate release, etc., and any combinationthereof. The particle may include, in addition to the therapeuticagent(s), any of those materials routinely used in the art of pharmacyand medicine, including, but not limited to, erodible, nonerodible,biodegradable, or nonbiodegradable material or combinations thereof. Theparticles may be microcapsules that contain the calcium channelantagonist in a solution or in a semi-solid state. The particles may beof virtually any shape.

The term “therapeutic component” as used herein refers to atherapeutically effective dosage (i.e., dose and frequency ofadministration) that eliminates, reduces, or prevents the progression ofa particular disease manifestation in a percentage of a population. Anexample of a commonly used therapeutic component is the ED50 whichdescribes the dose in a particular dosage that is therapeuticallyeffective for a particular disease manifestation in 50% of a population.

The term “therapeutic effect” as used herein refers to a consequence oftreatment, the results of which are judged to be desirable andbeneficial. A therapeutic effect may include, directly or indirectly,the arrest, reduction, or elimination of a disease manifestation. Atherapeutic effect may also include, directly or indirectly, the arrestreduction or elimination of the progression of a disease manifestation.

The term “topical” refers to administration of a composition to providesite-specific placement at, or immediately beneath, the point ofapplication. The phrase “topically applying” describes application ontoone or more surfaces(s) including epithelial surfaces. Topicaladministration, in contrast to transdermal administration, generallyprovides a local rather than a systemic effect.

The term “treat” or “treating” includes abrogating, substantiallyinhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a disease, conditionor disorder, substantially ameliorating clinical or esthetical symptomsof a condition, substantially preventing the appearance of clinical oresthetical symptoms of a disease, condition, or disorder, and protectingfrom harmful or annoying symptoms. Treating further refers toaccomplishing one or more of the following: (a) reducing the severity ofthe disorder; (b) limiting development of symptoms characteristic of thedisorder(s) being treated; (c) limiting worsening of symptomscharacteristic of the disorder(s) being treated; (d) limiting recurrenceof the disorder(s) in patients that have previously had the disorder(s);and (e) limiting recurrence of symptoms in patients that were previouslyasymptomatic for the disorder(s).

The term “vasospasm” as used herein refers to a decrease in the internaldiameter of a cerebral artery that results from contraction of smoothmuscle within the wall of the artery which causes a decrease in bloodflow, but generally without an increase in systemic vascular resistance.Vasospasm results in decreased cerebral blood flow and increasedcerebral vascular resistance. Without being limited by theory, itgenerally is believed that vasospasm is caused by local injury tovessels, such as that which results from atherosclerosis and otherstructural injury including traumatic head injury, aneurismal SAH andother causes of SAH. Cerebral vasospasm is a naturally occurringvasoconstriction that also may be triggered by the presence of blood inthe CSF, a common occurrence after rupture of an aneurysm or followingtraumatic head injury. Cerebral vasospasm ultimately can lead to braincell damage, in the form of cerebral ischemia and infarction, due tointerrupted blood supply. The term “cerebral vasospasm” as used hereinrefers to the delayed occurrence of narrowing of large capacitancearteries at the base of the brain after SAH, often associated withdiminished perfusion in the territory distal to the affected vessel.Cerebral vasospasm may occur any time after rupture of an aneurysm butmost commonly peaks at seven days following the hemorrhage and oftenresolves within 14 days when the blood has been absorbed by the body.Angiographic vasospasm is a consequence of SAH, but also can occur afterany condition that deposits blood in the subarachnoid space. Morespecifically, the term “angiographic cerebral vasospasm” refers to thenarrowing of the large capacitance arteries at the base of the brain(i.e., cerebral arteries) following hemorrhage into the subarachnoidspace, and leads to reduced perfusion of distal brain regions.

Polymers and Excipients

Polymers used to prepare the long-acting formulation can be anybiocompatible polymer. One of skill in the art would know how to selectwithout undue experimentation the proper polymer composition to achievethe desired effect of, in one aspect, allowing the bioactive agent toprovide its effect, and then, staging in the release of the bioactiveagent from the long-acting formulation at an appropriate time about onor after the bioactive agent provides its effect, as described above. Inone aspect the polymer is selected to delay the release of the bioactiveagent until some time after the free agent has provided its effect,thereby extending the total effect period. Such selection of the polymercan include criteria, such as, for example, the type of polymer, theselection of a polymer or a co-polymer, the type of co-monomers used inthe co-polymer, the ratio of the types of monomers used in theco-polymer, the molecular weight of the polymer, the size of themicroparticle, and any other criteria that is used by one of skill inthe art to control the release profile of a microparticle.

Without intending to be limiting, examples may include any biocompatiblepolymers used in the art. For example, biocompatible non-degradablepolymers can be used including, for example, a polyacrylate; a polymerof ethylene-vinyl acetate, EVA; cellulose acetate; an acyl-substitutedcellulose acetate; a non-degradable polyurethane; a polystyrene; apolyvinyl chloride; a polyvinyl fluoride; a poly(vinyl imidazole); asilicone-based polymer (for example, Silastic® and the like), achlorosulphonate polyolefin; a polyethylene oxide; or a blend orcopolymer thereof. Biocompatible biodegradable polymers can be usedincluding, but not limited to, a poly(lactide); a poly(glycolide); apoly(lactide-co-glycolide); a poly(lactic acid); a poly(glycolic acid);a poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid); a poly(caprolactone); apoly(orthoester); a polyanhydride; a poly(phosphazene); apolyhydroxyalkanoate; a poly(hydroxybutyrate); a poly(hydroxybutyrate)synthetically derived; a poly(hydroxybutyrate) biologically derived; apolyester synthetically derived; a polyester biologically derived; apoly(lactide-co-caprolactone); apoly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-caprolactone); a polycarbonate; a tyrosinepolycarbonate; a polyamide (including synthetic and natural polyamides,polypeptides, poly(amino acids) and the like); a polyesteramide; apolyester; a poly(dioxanone); a poly(alkylene alkylate); a polyether(such as polyethylene glycol, PEG, and polyethylene oxide, PEO);polyvinyl pyrrolidone or PVP; a polyurethane; a polyetherester; apolyacetal; a polycyanoacrylate; a poly(oxyethylene)/poly(oxypropylene)copolymer; a polyacetal, a polyketal; a polyphosphate; a(phosphorous-containing) polymer; a polyphosphoester; apolyhydroxyvalerate; a polyalkylene oxalate; a polyalkylene succinate; apoly(maleic acid); biopolymers or modified biopolymers including chitin,chitosan, modified chitosan, among other biocompatible polysaccharides;or biocompatible copolymers (including block copolymers or randomcopolymers) herein; or combinations or mixtures or admixtures of anypolymers herein. Examples of copolymers that could be used include blockcopolymers containing blocks of hydrophilic or water-soluble polymers(such as polyethylene glycol, PEG, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PVP) withblocks of other biocompatible or biodegradable polymers (for example,poly(lactide) or poly(lactide-co-glycolide or polycaprolcatone orcombinations thereof).

Furthermore, the present invention also relates to long-actingformulations prepared from copolymers that are comprised of the monomersof lactide (including L-lactide, D-lactide, and combinations thereof) orhydroxybutyrates or caprolactone or combinations thereof; and tolong-acting formulations prepared from copolymers that are comprised ofthe monomers of DL-lactide, glycolide, hydroxybutyrate, and caprolactoneand to long-acting formulations prepared from copolymers comprised ofthe monomers of DL-lactide or glycolide or caprolactone orhydroxybutyrates or combinations therein. Additionally, the presentinvention also relates to long-acting formulations prepared fromadmixtures containing the aforementioned copolymers (comprised ofDL-lactide or glycolide or caprolactone or hydroxybutyrates orcombinations therein) along with other biodegradable polymers includingpoly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) or poly(DL-lactide) or PHA's, amongothers. The present invention can further include long-actingformulations prepared from block copolymers comprised with blocks ofeither hydrophobic or hydrophilic biocompatible polymers or biopolymersor biodegradable polymers such as polyethers (including polyethyleneglycol, PEG; polyethylene oxide, PEO; polypropylene oxide, PPO and blockcopolymers comprised of combinations thereof) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP), polysaccharides, conjugated polysaccharides, modifiedpolysaccharides, such as fatty acid conjugated polysaccharides,polylactides, polyesters, among others.

With the practice of the aspects herein, such as the combination of adelivery of the bioactive agent along with the delivery of a long-actingformulation of the bioactive agent, the polymer material (and in someaspects the excipient material) system mass is reduced due to bioactiveagent needed in the long-acting formulation.

Composition

Generally, the disclosed controlled release systems such as thesemisolid, biodegradable, biocompatibly delivery systems disclosedherein comprise a polymer or polymer matrix wherein the polymer matrixcomprises a first polymer and a second polymer that is different fromthe first polymer; and bioactive agent encapsulated in the polymer orpolymer matrix. The term “polymer matrix” as used herein is intended torefer a portion (or all) of the controlled release system whichcomprises the polymer mixture. The polymer matrix does not necessarily,but can, comprise cross-linked or intertwined polymer chains. In oneaspect, the polymer matrix is a polymer composition, wherein the polymercomposition encapsulates the bioactive agent. In a further aspect,portions of the polymer matrix can comprise only one of the first andsecond polymer. Thus, the controlled release system polymer matrix neednot be homogenous, although in another aspect the polymer matrix can behomogenous.

The first and second polymer of the polymer matrix can be present in thecontrolled release system in any desired ratio, which is the weightratio of the first polymer to the second polymer. In one aspect, theratio of the first polymer to the second polymer is from about 90:10 toabout 40:60, including ratios without limitation of about 85:15, 80:20,70:30, 75:25, 65:35, and 50:50, among others. In addition, more than twopolymers can be present in a blend, for example, 3, 4, 5, or morepolymers can be present.

In one aspect, the first and second polymers have at least one differentproperty. Depending on the desired degradation profile of the controlledrelease system, a wide variety of properties can be different among thepolymers, including without limitation, chemical composition, viscosity(e.g., intrinsic viscosity), molecular weight, thermal properties, suchas glass transition temperature (T_(g)), the chemical composition of anon-repeating unit therein, such as an end group, degradation rate,hydrophilicity, porosity, density, or a combination thereof. In oneaspect, the first polymer and the second polymer have differentdegradation rates in an aqueous medium. In one aspect, a degradationprofile of a controlled release system is selected, and a combination ofpolymers having properties that, when combined, are believed to achievethe selected degradation profile are used to make the controlled releasesystem.

In one aspect, the polymer and first polymer and the second polymer ofthe polymer matrix have one or more different non-repeating units, suchas, for example, an end group, or a non-repeating unit in the backboneof the polymer. In a further aspect, the first polymer and the secondpolymer of the polymer matrix have one or more different end groups. Forexample, the first polymer can have a more polar end group than one ormore end group(s) of the second polymer. Thus, in this aspect, the firstpolymer will typically be more hydrophilic and thus lead to faster wateruptake, relative to a controlled release system comprising the secondpolymer (with the less polar end group) alone. In a specific aspect, thefirst polymer can have one or more carboxylic acid end groups, and thesecond polymer can have one or more ester end groups. In another aspecta single polymer can have one or more ester or carboxylic end groupsdepending on the desire for faster water uptake or a more controlledrelease system.

In another aspect, the first polymer and the second polymer of thepolymer matrix have different molecular weights. In one aspect, thefirst polymer has a molecular weight that is at least about 3000 Daltonsgreater than the molecular weight of the second polymer. The molecularweight can have any suitable value, which can, in various aspects,depend on the desired properties of the controlled release system. If,for example, a controlled release system having high mechanical strengthis desired, at least one of the polymers can have a high molecularweight. In this example, if it is also desired that the controlledrelease system have short term release capability (e.g., less than about2 weeks), then a lower molecular weight polymer can be combined with thehigh molecular weight polymer. In this aspect, the high molecular weightpolymer will typically provide good structural integrity for thecontrolled release system, while the lower molecular weight polymer canprovide short term release capability.

Non-limiting examples of polymers for use as part of a controlledrelease delivery system or in a polymer matrix for use in a controlledrelease delivery system include polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates,polyhydroxybutyrates, polydioxanones, polyhydroxyvalerates,polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazenes, polyphosphates,polyphosphoesters, polydioxanones, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphates,polyphosphonates, polyphosphates, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polycarbonates,polyalkylcarbonates, polyorthocarbonates, polyesteramides, polyamides,polyamines, polypeptides, polyurethanes, polyalkylene alkylates,polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succinates, polyhydroxy fatty acids,polyacetals, polycyanoacrylates, polyketals, polyetheresters,polyethers, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene oxides, polyethyleneglycols, polyethylene oxides, polypeptides, polysaccharides, orpolyvinyl pyrrolidones. Other non-biodegradable but durable polymersinclude without limitation ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymer,polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and the like.Likewise, other suitable non-biodegradable polymers include withoutlimitation silicones and polyurethanes.

In a further aspect, the polymer can be a poly(lactide), apoly(glycolide), a poly(lactide-co-glycolide), a poly(caprolactone), apoly(orthoester), a poly(phosphazene), a poly(hydroxybutyrate) or acopolymer containing a poly(hydroxybutarate), apoly(lactide-co-caprolactone), a polycarbonate, a polyesteramide, apolyanhydride, a poly(dioxanone), a poly(alkylene alkylate), a copolymerof polyethylene glycol and a polyorthoester, a biodegradablepolyurethane, a poly(amino acid), a polyamide, a polyesteramide, apolyetherester, a polyacetal, a polycyanoacrylate, apoly(oxyethylene)/poly(oxypropylene) copolymer, polyacetals, polyketals,polyphosphoesters, polyhydroxyvalerates or a copolymer containing apolyhydroxyvalerate, polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succinates,poly(maleic acid), and copolymers, terpolymers, combinations, or blendsthereof.

In a still further aspect, useful biocompatible polymers are those thatcomprise one or more residues of lactic acid, glycolic acid, lactide,glycolide, caprolactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerates, dioxanones,polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide, or a combination thereof.In a still further aspect, useful biocompatible polymers are those thatcomprise one or more residues of lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, or acombination thereof.

In one aspect, useful biodegradable polymers are those that comprise oneor more blocks of hydrophilic or water soluble polymers, including, butnot limited to, polyethylene glycol, (PEG), or polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP), in combination with one or more blocks another biocompabible orbiodegradable polymer that comprises lactide, glycolide, caprolactone,or a combination thereof.

In specific aspects, the biodegradable polymer can comprise one or morelactide residues. To that end, the polymer can comprise any lactideresidue, including all racemic and stereospecific forms of lactide,including, but not limited to, L-lactide, D-lactide, and D,L-lactide, ora mixture thereof. Useful polymers comprising lactide include, but arenot limited to poly(L-lactide), poly(D-lactide), and poly(DL-lactide);and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), including poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide),poly(D-lactide-co-glycolide), and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide); orcopolymers, terpolymers, combinations, or blends thereof.Lactide/glycolide polymers can be conveniently made by meltpolymerization through ring opening of lactide and glycolide monomers.Additionally, racemic DL-lactide, L-lactide, and D-lactide polymers arecommercially available. The L-polymers are more crystalline and resorbslower than DL-polymers. In addition to copolymers comprising glycolideand DL-lactide or L-lactide, copolymers of L-lactide and DL-lactide arecommercially available. Homopolymers of lactide or glycolide are alsocommercially available.

When the biodegradable polymer is poly(lactide-co-glycolide),poly(lactide), or poly(glycolide), the amount of lactide and glycolidein the polymer can vary. In a further aspect, the biodegradable polymercontains 0 to 100 mole %, 40 to 100 mole %, 50 to 100 mole %, 60 to 100mole %, 70 to 100 mole %, or 80 to 100 mole % lactide and from 0 to 100mole %, 0 to 60 mole %, 10 to 40 mole %, 20 to 40 mole %, or 30 to 40mole % glycolide, wherein the amount of lactide and glycolide is 100mole %. In a further aspect, the biodegradable polymer can bepoly(lactide), 95:5 poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 85:15poly(lactide-co-glycolide), 75:25 poly(lactide-co-glycolide), 65:35poly(lactide-co-glycolide), or 50:50 poly(lactide-co-glycolide), wherethe ratios are mole ratios.

In a specific aspect, the first and second polymers are bothpoly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers. In a further specific aspect, theratio of lactide to glycolide is from about 90:10 to about 40:60. Instill a further specific aspect, the ratio of lactide to glycolide isfrom about 85:15 to about 50:50.

In a further aspect, the polymer or first and second polymers of thepolymer matrix can be a poly(caprolactone) or apoly(lactide-co-caprolactone). In one aspect, the polymer can be apoly(lactide-caprolactone), which, in various aspects, can be 95:5poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), 85:15 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone),75:25 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), 65:35poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), or 50:50 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone),where the ratios are mole ratios.

It is understood that any combination of the aforementionedbiodegradable polymers can be used, including, but not limited to,copolymers thereof, mixtures thereof, or blends thereof. Likewise, it isunderstood that when a residue of a biodegradable polymer is disclosed,any suitable polymer, copolymer, mixture, or blend, that comprises thedisclosed residue, is also considered disclosed. To that end, whenmultiple residues are individually disclosed (i.e., not in combinationwith another), it is understood that any combination of the individualresidues can be used.

Non-limiting specific examples of polymer mixtures for use in adisclosed controlled release system, with their targeted deliveryprofile, include those mixtures listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Polymer Mixtures for controlled release systems. FirstSecond First Second Targeted delivery polymer polymer polymer: Polymerprofile 8515 DLG 4.5E 8515 DLG 6A 1. 50:50 4-6 months delivery 7525 DLG7A 6535 DLG 2E 2. 85:15 4-6 months delivery 7525 DLG 5E 6535 DLG 4A 3.80:20 4-6 months delivery 8515 DLG 5A 7525 DLG 5E 4. 50:50 4-6 monthsdelivery 8515 DLG 7A 7525 DLG 7E 5. 50:50 4-6 months delivery 6535 DLG4A 2000 MW 6. various about 1 month DLPL ratios delivery 5050 DLG 4A2000 MW 7. various about 1 month DLPL ratios delivery 6535 DLG 4A 5050DLG 2A 8. various about 1 month ratios delivery 5050 DLG 4A 5050 DLG 2A9. various about 1 month ratios delivery

The following example defines the nomenclature used for the polymers inTable 1. The polymer, (8515 DLG 4.5E) refers topoly(D-lactide-co-glycolide), wherein the lactide to glycolide moleratio is 85:15, wherein the copolymer exhibits an intrinsic viscosity of0.45 dL/g, and wherein the copolymer comprises an ester (E) end group.The abbreviated (A) refers to an acid (e.g. a carboxylic acid) endgroup. The polymer 2000 MW DLPL refers to poly(D,L-lactide) having amolecular weight of about 2000 Daltons. The molecular weight of thepolymers can be a measured value, or a value provided by a commercialsupplier. As such, it is understood that molecular weights may only beclose to the molecular weight of the polymer.

Thus, in one aspect, disclosed herein are polymers for use in thecontrolled release systems disclosed herein including but not limited to8515 DLG 6A, 8515 DLG 5A, 8515 DLG 4.5E, 88515 DLG 5E, 515 DLG 7A, 7525DLG 7A, 7525 DLG 7E, 7525 DLG 5E, 6535DLG 5E, 6353 DLG 2E, 6535 DLG 4A,5050DLG 4A, 5050 DLG2A, and 2000 MW DLPL. Though not wishing to be tiedto theory, it is generally understood that the greater the molecularweight of the polymer, the more viscous the polymer is. As viscosityincreases the selection for a more purified polymeric form increases.

The solvents useful in the disclosed processes include “halogenatedsolvents” and “non-halogenated solvents.” Non-limiting examples ofnon-halogenated solvents include: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), triacetin,N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide (DMF),miglyol, isopropyl myristate, triethyl citrate, propylene glycol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, glacial aceticacid, polyethylene glycol (200), polyethylene glycol (400), acetone,methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, benzylalcohol, glycerol, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, glyme, diglyme,n-pentane, iso-pentane, hexane, heptane, isooctane, benzene, toluene,xylene (all isomers), and the like. Non-limiting examples of halogenatedsolvents include carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride(i.e., dicholoro methane,DCM), chloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane,1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Thus, in one aspect, thepolymer solutions disclosed herein and for use in the disclosed methodsand processes can comprise a bioactive agent and a solvent such as, forexample, ethyl acetate or methylene chloride. It is understood thatdepending on the polymer in use, a movement from dichloromethoane toethylacetate can increase the purity of the end product.

In one aspect, the disclosed microparticles can be dried by anyconventional means known in the art such as via lyophilization or undernitrogen flow. Typically, the slower the drying rate the more pure theend product. Additionally, as the drying rate is still further slowedselection towards the most stable form of the polymorph increases. Forexample, lyophilization typically dries samples between 12 and 14 hours.By slowing the drying rate by merely passing nitrogen over the sample orallowing to air dry (time to dry 24-48 hours), selection for a morestable structure occurs. It is understood that typically lyophilizatonis a fast drying process whereas nitrogen flow is a slower rate process,but can be varied. Thus, in one aspect, drying time can be from 4 to 12hours, from 4 to 16 hours, from 4 to 24 hours, from 4 to 48 hours, from4 to 60 hours, from 12 to 14 hours, from 16 to 24 hours, or from 24 to48 hours. For nitrogen flow, drying rate can be between 0.2 mLs perminute and 10 liters per minute (LPM), 0.1 and 5.0 LPM, 0.2 and 3.0 LPM,0.2 and 2.0 LPM, or 0.2 and 1.0 LPM. Thus, in one aspect, the dryingrate for the microparticle can be 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7,0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5,5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, or 10 LPM.

A wide variety of bioactive agents can be used with the methodsdescribed herein. In one aspect, the bioactive agent can be a releasablebioactive agent, i.e., a bioactive agent that can be released from thecontrolled release system into adjacent tissues or fluids of a subject.In certain aspects, the bioactive agent can be in or on the controlledrelease system.

Various forms of the bioactive agent can be used, which are capable ofbeing released from the controlled release system into adjacent tissuesor fluids. To that end, a liquid or solid bioactive agent can beincorporated into the controlled release system described herein. Thebioactive agents are at least very slightly water soluble, andpreferably moderately water soluble. The bioactive agents can includesalts of the active ingredient. As such, the bioactive agents can beacidic, basic, or amphoteric salts. They can be nonionic molecules,polar molecules, or molecular complexes capable of hydrogen bonding. Thebioactive agent can be included in the compositions in the form of, forexample, an uncharged molecule, a molecular complex, a salt, an ether,an ester, an amide, polymer drug conjugate, or other form to provide theeffective biological or physiological activity.

Examples of bioactive agents that incorporated into systems hereininclude, but are not limited to, peptides, proteins such as hormones,enzymes, antibodies and the like, nucleic acids such as aptamers, iRNA,DNA, RNA, antisense nucleic acid or the like, antisense nucleic acidanalogs or the like, low-molecular weight compounds, orhigh-molecular-weight compounds. Bioactive agents contemplated for usein the disclosed implantable composites include anabolic agents,antacids, anti-asthmatic agents, anti-cholesterolemic and anti-lipidagents, anti-coagulants, anti-convulsants, anti-diarrheals,anti-emetics, anti-infective agents including antibacterial andantimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-manic agents,antimetabolite agents, anti-nauseants, anti-neoplastic agents,anti-obesity agents, anti-pyretic and analgesic agents, anti-spasmodicagents, anti-thrombotic agents, anti-tussive agents, anti-uricemicagents, anti-anginal agents, antihistamines (e.g., terfenadine),appetite suppressants, biologicals, cerebral dilators, coronarydilators, bronchiodilators, cytotoxic agents, decongestants, diuretics,diagnostic agents, erythropoietic agents, expectorants, gastrointestinalsedatives, hyperglycemic agents, hypnotics, hypoglycemic agents,immunomodulating agents, ion exchange resins, laxatives, mineralsupplements, mucolytic agents, neuromuscular drugs, peripheralvasodilators, psychotropics, sedatives, stimulants, thyroid andanti-thyroid agents, tissue growth agents, uterine relaxants, vitamins,or antigenic materials.

Other bioactive agents include androgen inhibitors, polysaccharides,growth factors (e.g., a vascular endothelial growth factor-VEGF),hormones, anti-angiogenesis factors, dextromethorphan, dextromethorphanhydrobromide, noscapine, carbetapentane citrate, chlophedianolhydrochloride, chlorpheniramine maleate, phenindamine tartrate,pyrilamine maleate, doxylamine succinate, phenyltoloxamine citrate,phenylephrine hydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride,pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, ephedrine, codeine phosphate, codeinesulfate morphine, mineral supplements, cholestryramine,N-acetylprocainamide, acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, caffeine, guaifenesin, aluminum hydroxide,magnesium hydroxide, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, amino acids,interferons, cytokines, and vaccines.

Representative drugs that can be used as bioactive agents in thecontrolled release systems include, but are not limited to, peptidedrugs, protein drugs, desensitizing materials, antigens, anti-infectiveagents such as antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, antiviral,antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal substances and combinationthereof, antiallergenics, androgenic steroids, decongestants, hypnotics,steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anti-cholinergics, sympathomimetics,sedatives, miotics, psychic energizers, tranquilizers, vaccines,estrogens, progestational agents, humoral agents, prostaglandins,analgesics, antispasmodics, antimalarials, antihistamines, cardioactiveagents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antiparkinsonian agents,antihypertensive agents, β-adrenergic blocking agents, nutritionalagents, and the benzophenanthridine alkaloids. The agent can further bea substance capable of acting as a stimulant, sedative, hypnotic,analgesic, anticonvulsant, and the like.

The controlled release system can comprise a large number of bioactiveagents either singly or in combination. Other bioactive agents includebut are not limited to analgesics such as acetaminophen, acetylsalicylicacid, and the like; anesthetics such as lidocaine, xylocalne, and thelike; anorexics such as dexadrine, phendimetrazine tartrate, and thelike; antiarthritics such as methylprednisolone, ibuprofen, and thelike; antiasthmatics such as terbutaline sulfate, theophylline,ephedrine, and the like; antibiotics such as sulfisoxazole, penicillinG, ampicillin, cephalosporins, amikacin, gentamicin, tetracyclines,chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and thelike; antifungals such as amphotericin B, nystatin, ketoconazole, andthe like; antivirals such as acyclovir, amantadine, and the like;anticancer agents such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, etretinate,and the like; anticoagulants such as heparin, warfarin, and the like;anticonvulsants such as phenyloin sodium, diazepam, and the like;antidepressants such as isocarboxazid, amoxapine, and the like;antihistamines such as diphenhydramine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate,and the like; hormones such as insulin, progestins,17-alpha-hydroxy-porgesterone caproate,iso-allo-pregnanolonetestosterone, prenisolone, prednisone,dexamethasone estrogens (e.g.,. estradiol), corticoids, glucocorticoids,androgens, and the like; tranquilizers such as thorazine, diazepam,chlorpromazine HCl, reserpine, chlordiazepoxide HCl, and the like;antispasmodics such as belladonna alkaloids, dicyclomine hydrochloride,and the like; vitamins and minerals such as essential amino acids,calcium, iron, potassium, zinc, vitamin B₁₂, and the like;cardiovascular agents such as prazosin HCl, nitroglycerin, propranololHCl, hydralazine HCl, pancrelipase, succinic acid dehydrogenase, and thelike; peptides and proteins such as LHRH, somatostatin, calcitonin,growth hormone, glucagon-like peptides, growth releasing factor,angiotensin, FSH, EGF, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), erythopoeitin(EPO), interferon, interleukin, collagen, fibrinogen, insulin, FactorVIII, Factor IX, ENBREL®, RITUXAM®, HERCEPTIN®, alpha-glucosidase,Cerazyme/CEREDOSE®, vasopressin, ACTH, human serum albumin, gammaglobulin, structural proteins, blood product proteins, complex proteins,enzymes, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, and the like;prostaglandins; nucleic acids; carbohydrates; fats; narcotics such asmorphine, codeine, and the like, psychotherapeutics; anti-malarials,L-dopa, diuretics such as furosemide, spironolactone, and the like;antiulcer drugs such as rantidine HCl, cimetidine HCl, and the like, andcalcium channel antagonist such as nimodipine and the like,lumefantrine, cilengitide, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme Areductase inhibitors such as lovastatin and the like.

The term “vasoconstriction” as used herein refers to the narrowing ofthe blood vessels resulting from contracting of the muscular wall of thevessels. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restrictedor slowed. The term “vasodilation”, which is the opposite ofvasoconstriction as used herein, refers to the widening of bloodvessels. The terms “vasoconstrictors,” “vasopressors,” or “pressors” asused herein refer to factors causing vasoconstriction. Vasoconstrictionusually results in an increase of blood pressure and may be slight orsevere. Vasoconstriction may result from disease, medication, orpsychological conditions. Medications that cause vasoconstrictioninclude, but are not limited to, catecholamines, antihistamines,decongestants, methylphenidate, cough and cold combinations,pseudoephedrine, and caffeine.

A vasodilator is a drug or chemical that relaxes the smooth muscle inblood vessels causing them to dilate. Dilation of arterial blood vessels(mainly arterioles) leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Therelaxation of smooth muscle relies on removing the stimulus forcontraction, which depends predominately on intracellular calcium ionconcentrations and phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). Thus,vasodilation predominantly works either 1) by lowering intracellularcalcium concentration, or 2) by dephosphorylation of MLC, which includesthe stimulation of myosin light chain phosphatase and the induction ofcalcium symporters and antiporters (which pump calcium ions out of theintracellular compartment). The re-uptake of ions into the sarcoplasmicreticulum of smooth muscle via exchangers and expulsion of ions acrossthe plasma membrane also helps to accomplish vasodilation. The specificmechanisms to accomplish these effects vary from vasodilator tovasodilator and may be grouped as endogenous and exogenous. The term“endogenous” as used herein refers to proceeding from within or derivedinternally; or resulting from conditions within the organism rather thanexternally caused. The term “exogenous” as used herein refers tooriginating from outside; derived externally; or externally causedrather than resulting from conditions within the organism.

Vasodilation directly affects the relationship between mean arterialpressure and cardiac output and total peripheral resistance (TPR).Cardiac output may be computed by multiplying the heart rate (inbeats/minute) and the stroke volume (the volume of blood ejected duringsystole). TPR depends on several factors, including, but not limited to,the length of the vessel, the viscosity of blood (determined byhematocrit), and the diameter of the blood vessel. Blood vessel diameteris the most important variable in determining resistance. An increase ineither cardiac output or TPR cause a rise in the mean arterial pressure.Vasodilators work to decrease TPR and blood pressure through relaxationof smooth muscle cells in the tunica media layer of large arteries andsmaller arterioles.

Vasodilation occurs in superficial blood vessels of warm-blooded animalswhen their ambient environment is hot; this process diverts the flow ofheated blood to the skin of the animal, where heat may be more easilyreleased into the atmosphere. Vasoconstriction is the oppositephysiological process. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are modulatednaturally by local paracrine agents produced by endothelial cells (e.g.,bradykinin, adenosine), as well as by an organism's autonomic nervoussystem and adrenal glands, both of which secrete catecholamines, such asnorepinephrine and epinephrine, respectively.

Vasodilators are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, wherethe patient has an abnormally high blood pressure, as well as angina andcongestive heart failure, where maintaining a lower blood pressurereduces the patient's risk of developing other cardiac problems.

In one aspect, disclosed herein are flowable sustained releasemicroparticulate compositions comprising

(i) a microparticulate formulation comprising a therapeutic amount of asubstantially pure single polymorphic form of a bioactive agent, and

(ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,

wherein the microparticulate formulation comprises a plurality ofmicroparticles of uniform size distribution, and wherein thesubstantially pure single polymorphic form of the bioactive agent isdispersed throughout each microparticle. In one aspect, the bioactiveagent can be, for example, nimodipine.

In another aspect, the described invention provides a flowable sustainedrelease microparticulate composition comprising:

-   -   (i) a microparticulate formulation comprising a therapeutic        amount of a substantially pure crystalline form I of nimodipine,        and    -   (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,    -   wherein the microparticulate formulation comprises a plurality        of microparticles of uniform size distribution, and wherein the        substantially pure crystalline form I of nimodipine is dispersed        throughout each microparticle.

According to some embodiments, the substantially pure polymorphic formof nimodipine is selected from the group consisting of nimodipine FormI, nimodipine Form II, an amorphous form of nimodipine, and acombination thereof. According to some embodiments, the substantiallypure polymorphic form of nimodipine is substantially pure nimodipineForm I. According to some embodiments, the substantially purepolymorphic form of nimodipine is substantially pure nimodipine Form II.According to some embodiments, the substantially pure polymorphic formof nimodipine is a substantially pure amorphous form of nimodipine.

According to some embodiments, the crystalline form I of nimodipine ischaracterized by a melting range of 122° C. to 127° C. According to someembodiments, the substantially pure crystalline form of nimodipinecomprises nimodipine Form II characterized by a melting range of 110° C.to 117° C.

According to some embodiments, the substantially pure polymorphic formof nimodipine comprises nimodipine Form I characterized by an infra-redspectrum as depicted in FIG. 1. According to some embodiments, thesubstantially pure polymorphic form of nimodipine comprises nimodipineForm II characterized by an infra-red spectrum as depicted in FIG. 2.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a bioactive agent of the presentinvention in association with at least one pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or diluent can be manufactured in a conventional manner bymixing, granulating or coating methods. The pharmaceutical compositionsmay be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dosecontainers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take suchforms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueousvehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending,stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Formulations of the pharmaceuticalcompositions include aqueous solutions of the active compounds inwater-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compoundsmay be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitablelipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil,or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides,or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances whichincrease the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may alsocontain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility ofthe compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentratedsolutions. Alternatively, the active compounds may be in powder form forconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water,before use.

Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral injection comprisepharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions,dispersions, suspensions or emulsions and sterile powders forreconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solventsor vehicles include water, ethanol, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, ethylacetate, polyols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, andthe like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil)and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity maybe maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, bythe maintenance of the required particle size in the case ofdispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants including preservativeagents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents.Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also bedesirable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodiumchloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectablepharmaceutical form may be brought about by the use of agents delayingabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspendingagents, as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols,polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystallinecellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, tragacanth, andmixtures thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gelphase carriers or excipients. Examples of such carriers or excipientsinclude, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate,various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymerssuch as polyethylene glycols.

According to some embodiments, the combination of biodegradable polymerswith a drug or pharmaceutically-active compound may allow a formulationthat, when injected or inserted into body, is capable of sustainedrelease of the drug.

Site-specific activity generally results if the location in the bodyinto which the formulation is deposited is a fluid-filled space or sometype of cavity, such as, for example, the subarachnoid space, thesubdural cavity of a chronic subdural hematoma or the cavity left afterthe surgical evacuation of a hematoma, tumor or vascular malformation inthe brain. This provides high concentrations of the drug at the sitewhere activity is needed, and lower concentrations in the rest of thebody, thus decreasing the risk of unwanted systemic side effects.

Site-specific delivery systems, for example, include use ofmicroparticles (of about 1 μm to about 100 μm in diameter),thermoreversible gels (for example, PGA/PEG), and biodegradable polymers(for example, PLA, PLGA) that may be in the form of a film.

The delivery characteristics of the drug and the polymer degradation invivo also can be modified. For example, polymer conjugation can be usedto alter the circulation of the drug in the body and to achieve tissuetargeting, reduce irritation and improve drug stability.

According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrierincludes, but is not limited to, a gel, a slow-release solid orsemisolid compound, optionally as a sustained release gel, aslow-release solid or semisolid compound, the gel, slow-release solid orsemisolid compound comprising the composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention.According to some such embodiments, the voltage-gated calcium channelantagonist is embedded into the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orcoated on at least one surface of the pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. The coating can be of any desired material, preferably apolymer or mixture of different polymers. Optionally, the polymer may beutilized during the granulation stage to form a matrix with the activeingredient so as to obtain a desired release pattern of the activeingredient. The gel, slow-release solid or semisolid compound is capableof releasing the active agent over a desired period of time. The gel,slow-release solid or semisolid compound can be implanted in a tissuewithin human brain, for example, but not limited to, in close proximityto a blood vessel, such as a cerebral artery. According to some suchembodiments, the release of the active agent can produce a localized,site-specific pharmacologic effect over a desired amount of time.According to some such embodiments, the release of the active agent canproduce a diffuse pharmacologic effect over desired amount of time.

Suitable liquid or solid pharmaceutical preparations include, forexample, microencapsulated dosage forms, and if appropriate, with one ormore excipients, encochleated, coated onto microscopic particles,contained in liposomes, pellets for implantation into the tissue, ordried onto an object to be rubbed into the tissue. As used herein, theterm “microencapsulation” refers to a process in which very tinydroplets or particles are surrounded or coated with a continuous film ofpolymeric material. Such pharmaceutical compositions also may be in theform of granules, beads, powders, tablets, coated tablets,(micro)capsules, suppositories, syrups, emulsions, suspensions, creams,drops or preparations with protracted release of active compounds, inwhose preparation excipients and additives and/or auxiliaries such asdisintegrants, binders, coating agents, swelling agents, lubricants, orsolubilizers are customarily used as described above. The pharmaceuticalcompositions are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems.For a brief review of methods for drug delivery, see Langer (1990)Science 249, 1527-1533, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices ofthe drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide.Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of theparticular polymer employed, the rate of drug release may be controlled.Such long acting formulations may be formulated with suitable polymericor hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptableoil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, forexample, as a sparingly soluble salt. Examples of other biodegradablepolymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depotinjectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug inliposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

For example, polyglycolide (PGA) is a linear aliphatic polyesterdeveloped for use in sutures. Studies have reported PGA copolymersformed with trimethylene carbonate, polylactic acid (PLA), andpolycaprolactone. Some of these copolymers may be formulated asmicroparticles for sustained drug release.

Polyester-polyethylene glycol compounds can be synthesized; these aresoft and may be used for drug delivery.

Poly (amino)-derived biopolymers may include, but are not limited to,those containing lactic acid and lysine as the aliphatic diamine (see,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,665), and tyrosine-derivedpolycarbonates and polyacrylates. Modifications of polycarbonates mayalter the length of the alkyl chain of the ester (ethyl to octyl), whilemodifications of polyarylates may further include altering the length ofthe alkyl chain of the diacid (for example, succinic to sebasic), whichallows for a large permutation of polymers and great flexibility inpolymer properties.

Polyanhydrides are prepared by the dehydration of two diacid moleculesby melt polymerization (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,128).These polymers degrade by surface erosion (as compared to polyestersthat degrade by bulk erosion). The release of the drug can be controlledby the hydrophilicity of the monomers chosen.

Photopolymerizable biopolymers include, but are not limited to, lacticacid/polyethylene glycol/acrylate copolymers.

The term “hydrogel” refers to a substance resulting in a solid,semisolid, pseudoplastic or plastic structure containing a necessaryaqueous component to produce a gelatinous or jelly-like mass. Hydrogelsgenerally comprise a variety of polymers, including hydrophilicpolymers, acrylic acid, acrylamide and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate(HEMA).

Naturally-occurring biopolymers include, but are not limited to, proteinpolymers, collagen, polysaccharides, and photopolymerizable compounds.

Protein polymers have been synthesized from self-assembling proteinpolymers such as, for example, silk fibroin, elastin, collagen, andcombinations thereof.

Naturally-occurring polysaccharides include, but are not limited to,chitin and its derivatives, hyaluronic acid, dextran and cellulosics(which generally arenot biodegradable without modification), and sucroseacetate isobutyrate (SAIB).

Chitin is composed predominantly of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose groupsand is found in yeasts, fungi and marine invertebrates (shrimp,crustaceous) where it is a principal component of the exoskeleton.Chitin is not water soluble and the deacetylated chitin, chitosan, onlyis soluble in acidic solutions (such as, for example, acetic acid).Studies have reported chitin derivatives that are water soluble, veryhigh molecular weight (greater than 2 million daltons), viscoelastic,non-toxic, biocompatible and capable of crosslinking with peroxides,gluteraldehyde, glyoxal and other aldehydes and carbodiamides, to formgels.

Hyaluronic acid (HA), which is composed of alternating glucuronidic andglucosaminidic bonds and is found in mammalian vitreous humor,extracellular matrix of the brain, synovial fluid, umbilical cords androoster combs, from which it is isolated and purified, also can beproduced by fermentation processes.

The formulations may be sterilized, for example, by terminal gammairradiation, filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or byincorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solidcompositions that may be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water orother sterile injectable medium just prior to use. Injectablepreparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginoussuspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitabledispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterileinjectable preparation also may be a sterile injectable solution,suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic, parenterally acceptable diluent orsolvent such as a solution in 1,3-butanediol, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, acetonitrile, etc. Among the acceptable vehicles and solventsthat may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonicsodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oilsconventionally are employed or as a solvent or suspending medium. Forthis purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including syntheticmono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid areused in the preparation of injectables.

Formulations for parenteral (including but not limited to, subcutaneous,intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal and intraarticular)administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injectionsolutions that may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats andsolutes, which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of theintended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions,which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Theformulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, forexample sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried(lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterileliquid carrier, for example, saline, water-for-injection, immediatelyprior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may beprepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kindpreviously described.

Another method of formulation of the compositions described hereininvolves conjugating a bioactive agent of the invention to a polymerthat enhances aqueous solubility. Examples of suitable polymers includebut are not limited to polyethylene glycol, poly-(d-glutamic acid),poly-(1-glutamic acid), poly-(1-glutamic acid), poly-(d-aspartic acid),poly-(1-aspartic acid), poly-(1-aspartic acid) and copolymers thereof.Polyglutamic acids having molecular weights between about 5,000 to about100,000, with molecular weights between about 20,000 and about 80,000may be used and with molecular weights between about 30,000 and about60,000 may also be used. The polymer is conjugated via an ester linkageto one or more hydroxyls of an inventive epothilone using a protocol asessentially described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,163 which is incorporatedherein by reference. Particular conjugation sites include the hydroxyloff carbon-21 in the case of 21-hydroxy-derivatives of the presentinvention. Other conjugation sites include, but are not limited, to thehydroxyl off carbon 3 and/or the hydroxyl off carbon 7.

Suitable buffering agents include: acetic acid and a salt (1-2% w/v);citric acid and a salt (1-3% w/v); boric acid and a salt (0.5-2.5% w/v);and phosphoric acid and a salt (0.8-2% w/v). Suitable preservativesinclude benzalkonium chloride (0.003-0.03% w/v); chlorobutanol (0.3-0.9%w/v); parabens (0.01-0.25% w/v) and thimerosal (0.004-0.02% w/v).

A bioactive agent of the invention may be provided in particles.According to some embodiments, the particles may contain the therapeuticagent(s) in a core surrounded by a coating. The therapeutic agent(s)also may be dispersed throughout the particles. The therapeutic agent(s)also may be adsorbed into the particles. The particles may be of anyorder release kinetics, including zero order release, first orderrelease, second order release, delayed release, sustained release,immediate release, etc., and any combination thereof. The particle mayinclude, in addition to the therapeutic agent(s), any of those materialsroutinely used in the art of pharmacy and medicine, including, but notlimited to, erodible, nonerodible, biodegradable, or nonbiodegradablematerial or combinations thereof. The particles may be microcapsulesthat contain the bioactive agent of the invention in a solution or in asemi-solid state. According to some embodiments, the particle that maycontain, in whole or in part, at least one therapeutic agent is amicroparticle. According to some embodiments, the particle that maycontain, in whole or in part, at least one therapeutic agent is ananoparticle. According to some embodiments, the particles can be ofvirtually any shape. According to some embodiments, delivery of abioactive agent of the invention using microparticle technology involvesbioresorbable, polymeric particles that encapsulate the bioactive agentof the invention and at least one additional therapeutic agent.

According to another embodiment, the therapeutic agent(s) may beprovided in strings. The strings may contain the therapeutic agent(s) ina core surrounded by a coating, or the therapeutic agent(s) may bedispersed throughout the string, or the therapeutic agent(s) may beabsorbed into the string. The string may be of any order releasekinetics, including zero order release, first order release, secondorder release, delayed release, sustained release, immediate release,etc., and any combination thereof. The string may include, in additionto the therapeutic agent(s), any of those materials routinely used inthe art of pharmacy and medicine, including, but not limited to,erodible, nonerodible, biodegradable, or nonbiodegradable material orcombinations thereof.

According to another embodiment, the bioactive agent of the inventionmay be provided in at least one sheet. The sheet may contain thebioactive agent of the invention and at least one additional therapeuticagent in a core surrounded by a coating, or the bioactive agent of theinvention and at least one additional therapeutic agent may be dispersedthroughout the sheet, or the therapeutic agent(s) may be absorbed intothe sheet. The sheet may be of any order release kinetics, includingzero order release, first order release, second order release, delayedrelease, sustained release, immediate release, etc., and any combinationthereof. The sheet may include, in addition to the bioactive agent ofthe invention and at least one additional therapeutic agent, any ofthose materials routinely used in the art of pharmacy and medicine,including, but not limited to, erodible, nonerodible, biodegradable, ornonbiodegradable material or combinations thereof.

Both non-biodegradable and biodegradable polymeric materials may be usedin the manufacture of particles for delivering a bioactive agent of theinvention. Such polymers may be natural or synthetic polymers. Thepolymer is selected based on the period of time over which release isdesired. Bioadhesive polymers of particular interest include bioerodiblehydrogels as described by Sawhney et al in Macromolecules (1993) 26,581-587, the teachings of which are incorporated herein. These includepolyhyaluronic acids, casein, gelatin, glutin, polyanhydrides,polyacrylic acid, alginate, chitosan, poly(methyl methacrylates),poly(ethyl methacrylates), poly(butylmethacrylate), poly(isobutylmethacrylate), poly(hexylmethacrylate), poly(isodecyl methacrylate),poly(lauryl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(methylacrylate), poly(isopropyl acrylate), poly(isobutyl acrylate), andpoly(octadecyl acrylate). According to some embodiments, the bioadhesivepolymers of the described invention include hyaluronic acid. Accordingto some such embodiments, the bioadhesive polymer includes less thanabout 2.3% of hyaluronic acid.

II. Delivery Systems

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a deliverysystem for delivery of a composition comprising a therapeutic amount ofa substantially pure form of nimodipine and optionally at least oneadditional therapeutic agent, where the composition is delivered locallyto the cerebral arteries to prevent or reduce the incidence or severityof DCI, angiographic vasospasm, cortical spreading ischemia and/ormicrothromboembolism resulting from a disease, disorder, condition orinjury. For example, the compositions can be delivered to the cerebralventricles and then be carried by the flow of CSF to at least onecerebral artery of the subarachnoid space to effectuate a localizedrelease of the pharmacologic agent(s), treating at least one of DCI,angiographic vasospasm, cortical spreading ischemia andmicrothromboembolism, and leading to an improved clinical outcome. Thesite of delivery is into at least one cerebral ventricle. This means acatheter is inserted into the ventricle and the pharmaceuticalcomposition is injected through the catheter and eminates from the endof the catheter locally into the ventricle.

According to some embodiments, the therapeutic agent(s) may be containedin controlled release systems. In order to prolong the effect of a drug,it often is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug. This may beaccomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline oramorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption ofthe drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, maydepend upon crystal size and crystalline form. For example, according tosome embodiments, a SABER™ Delivery System comprising a high-viscositybase component, such as sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), is used toprovide controlled release of a bioactive agent of the invention. (SeeU.S. Pat. No. 5,747,058 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,542, incorporated hereinby reference). When the high viscosity SAIB is formulated with drug,biocompatible excipients and other additives, the resulting formulationis liquid enough to inject easily with standard syringes and needles.After injection of a SABER™ formulation, the excipients diffuse away,leaving a viscous depot.

The term “controlled release” is intended to refer to anydrug-containing formulation in which the manner and profile of drugrelease from the formulation are controlled. This refers to immediate aswell as non-immediate release formulations, with non-immediate releaseformulations including, but not limited to, sustained release anddelayed release formulations. The term “sustained release” (alsoreferred to as “extended release”) is used herein in its conventionalsense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for gradual releaseof a drug over an extended period of time, and that preferably, althoughnot necessarily, results in substantially constant blood levels of adrug over an extended time period. Alternatively, delayed absorption ofa parenterally administered drug is accomplished by dissolving orsuspending the drug in an oil vehicle. The term “delayed release” isused herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation inwhich there is a time delay between administration of the formulationand the release of the drug there from. “Delayed release” may or may notinvolve gradual release of drug over an extended period of time, andthus may or may not be “sustained release.”

Use of a long-term sustained release formulation may be particularlysuitable for treatment of chronic conditions. The term “long-term”release, as used herein, means that an implant is constructed andarranged to deliver therapeutic levels of the active ingredient for atleast 7 days, and preferably about 30 to about 60 days. Long-termsustained release formulations are well-known to those of ordinary skillin the art and include some of the release systems described above.

Examples of microencapsulation processes and products; methods for theproduction of emulsion-based microparticles; emulsion-basedmicroparticles and methods for the production thereof; solventextraction microencapsulation with tunable extraction rates;microencapsulation process with solvent and salt; a continuous doubleemulsion process for making microparticles; drying methods for tuningmicroparticle properties, controlled release systems from polymerblends; polymer mixtures comprising polymers having differentnon-repeating units and methods for making and using the same; and anemulsion based process for preparing microparticles and workheadassembly for use with same are disclosed and described in, but notlimited to U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,609 (entitled Microencapsulation Processand Products Thereof), U.S. Application Publication No. US 2007-0190154A1 (entitled Method for the production of emulsion-basedmicroparticles), U.S. Application Publication No. US 2007-0207211 A1(entitled Emulsion-based microparticles and methods for the productionthereof), U.S. Application Publication No. US 2010-0063179 A1 (entitledSolvent Extraction Microencapsulation With Tunable Extraction Rates),U.S. Application Publication No. US 2010-0291027 A1 (entitled HyaluronicAcid (HA) Injection Vehicle), U.S. Application Publication No. US2010-0069602 A1 entitled Microencapsulation Process With Solvent AndSalt), U.S. Application No. US 2009-0162407 A1 (entitled Process ForPreparing Microparticles Having A Low Residual Solvent Volume); U.S.Application Publication No. US 2010-0189763 A1 (entitled ControlledRelease Systems From Polymer Blends); U.S. Application Publication No.US 2010-0216948 A1 (entitled Polymer Mixtures Comprising Polymers HavingDifferent Non-Repeating Units And Methods For Making And Using Same);U.S. Application Publication No. US 2007-0092574 A1 (entitled“Controlled release compositions”); U.S. application Ser. No. 12/692,029(entitled “Drying Methods for Tuning Microparticle Properties); U.S.Application Publication No. US 2011-0204533 A1 (entitled “Emulsion BasedProcess for Preparing Microparticles and Workhead for Use with Same);and U.S. Application Publication No. US 2011-0236497 A1 (entitledComposition and Methods for Improved Retention of a PharmaceuticalComposition at a Local Administration Site”) The contents of each ofthese patents and patent application publications are incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

According to some embodiments, the present invention comprises adelivery system that utilizes a semisolid, biodegradable, biocompatibledelivery system or a biodegradable, biocompatible multiparticulate ormicrosphere dispersed and suspended in a semisolid, biodegradable,biocompatible delivery system for injection, deposition or implantationwithin or upon the body so as to facilitate local therapeutic effects.The term “biodegradable” as used herein refers to material that willdegrade actively or passively over time by simple chemical processes, byaction of body enzymes or by other similar mechanisms in the human body.The term “biocompatible” as used herein refers to causing no clinicallyrelevant tissue irritation or necrosis at local site necessitatingremoval of the device prior to end of therapy based on a clinicalrisk/benefit assessment. The terms “in the body”, “void volume”,“resection pocket”, “excavation”, “injection site”, or “deposition site”as used herein are meant to include all tissues of the body withoutlimit, and may refer to spaces formed therein from injections, surgicalincisions, tumor or tissue removal, tissue injuries, abscess formation,or any other similar cavity, space, or pocket formed thus by action ofclinical assessment, treatment or physiologic response to disease orpathology as non-limiting examples thereof.

According to some embodiments, the semisolid delivery system comprisespartially or in whole a biocompatible, biodegradable, viscous semisolidwherein the semisolid comprises a hydrogel. The term “hydrogel” as usedherein refers to a substance resulting in a solid, semisolid,pseudoplastic, or plastic structure containing a necessary aqueouscomponent to produce a gelatinous or jelly-like mass. The hydrogelincorporates and retains significant amounts of H₂O, which eventuallywill reach an equilibrium content in the presence of an aqueousenvironment. According to one embodiment, glyceryl monooleate,hereinafter referred to as GMO, is the intended semisolid deliverysystem or hydrogel. However, many hydrogels, polymers, hydrocarboncompositions and fatty acid derivatives having similar physical/chemicalproperties with respect to viscosity/rigidity may function as asemisolid delivery system.

According to one embodiment, the gel system is produced by heating GMOabove its melting point (40-50° C.) and by adding a warm aqueous-basedbuffer or electrolyte solution, such as, for example, phosphate bufferor normal saline, which thus produces a three-dimensional structure. Theaqueous-based buffer may be comprised of other aqueous solutions orcombinations containing semi-polar solvents.

GMO provides a predominantly lipid-based hydrogel, which has the abilityto incorporate lipophilic materials. The term “lipophilic” as usedherein refers to preferring or possessing an affinity for a non-polarenvironment compared to a polar or aqueous environment. GMO furtherprovides internal aqueous channels that incorporate and deliverhydrophilic compounds. The term “hydrophilic” as used herein refers to amaterial or substance having an affinity for polar substances, such aswater. It is recognized that at room temperature (−25° C.), the gelsystem may exhibit differing phases which comprise a broad range ofviscosity measures.

According to one embodiment, two gel system phases are utilized due totheir properties at room temperature and physiologic temperature (about37° C.) and pH (about 7.4). Within the two gel system phases, the firstphase is a lamellar phase of approximately 5% to approximately 15% H₂Ocontent and approximately 95% to approximately 85% GMO content. Thelamellar phase is a moderately viscous fluid, that may be easilymanipulated, poured and injected. The second phase is a cubic phaseconsisting of approximately 15% to approximately 40% H₂O content andapproximately 85%-60% GMO content. It has an equilibrium water contentof approximately 35% to approximately 40% by weight. The term“equilibrium water content” as used herein refers to maximum watercontent in the presence of excess water. Thus the cubic phaseincorporates water at approximately 35% to approximately 40% by weight.The cubic phase is highly viscous. The viscosity exceeds 1.2 millioncentipoise (cp) when measured by a Brookfield viscometer; where 1.2million cp is the maximum measure of viscosity obtainable via the cupand bob configuration of the Brookfield viscometer. According to somesuch embodiments, a bioactive agent of the invention may be incorporatedinto the semisolid so as to provide a system for sustained, continuousdelivery. According to some such embodiments, other therapeutic agents,biologically-active agents, drugs, medicaments and inactives may beincorporated into the semisolid for providing a local biological,physiological, or therapeutic effect in the body at various releaserates.

According to some embodiments, alternative semisolids, modifiedformulations and methods of production are utilized such that thelipophilic nature of the semisolid is altered, or in the alternative,the aqueous channels contained within the semisolid are altered. Thus,various therapeutic agents in varying concentrations may diffuse fromthe semisolid at differing rates, or be released therefrom over time viathe aqueous channels of the semisolid. Hydrophilic substances may beutilized to alter semisolid consistency or therapeutic agent release byalteration of viscosity, fluidity, surface tension or the polarity ofthe aqueous component. For example, glyceryl monostearate (GMS), whichis structurally identical to GMO with the exception of a double bond atCarbon 9 and Carbon 10 of the fatty acid moiety rather than a singlebond, does not gel upon heating and the addition of an aqueouscomponent, as does GMO. However, because GMS is a surfactant, GMS ismiscible in H₂O up to approximately 20% weight/weight. The term“surfactant” as used herein refers to a surface active agent that ismiscible in H₂O in limited concentrations as well as polar substances.Upon heating and stirring, the 80% H₂O/20% GMS combination produces aspreadable paste having a consistency resembling hand lotion. The pastethen is combined with melted GMO so as to form the cubic phase gelpossessing a high viscosity referred to above.

According to some embodiments, hydrolyzed gelatin, such as commerciallyavailable Gelfoam™, is utilized for altering the aqueous component.Approximately 6.25% to 12.50% concentration of Gelfoam™ by weight may beplaced in approximately 93.75% to 87.50% respectively by weight H₂O oranother aqueous based buffer. Upon heating and stirring, the H₂O (orother aqeuous buffer)/Gelfoam™ combination produces a thick gelatinoussubstance. The resulting substance is combined with GMO; a product soformed swells and forms a highly viscous, translucent gel being lessmalleable in comparison to neat GMO gel alone.

According to some embodiments, polyethylene glycols (PEG's) may beutilized for altering the aqueous component to aid in drugsolubilization. Approximately 0.5% to 40% concentration of PEG's(depending on PEG molecular weight) by weight can be placed inapproximately 99.5% to 60% H₂O or other aqueous based buffer by weight.Upon heating and stirring, the H₂O (or other aqueous buffer)/PEGcombination produces a viscous liquid to a semisolid substance. Theresulting substance is combined with GMO, whereby a product so formedswells and forms a highly viscous gel.

According to some embodiments, the therapeutic agent releases from thesemisolid through diffusion, conceivably in a biphasic manner. A firstphase involves, for example, a lipophilic drug contained within thelipophilic membrane that diffuses therefrom into the aqueous channel.The second phase involves diffusion of the drug from the aqueous channelinto the external environment. Being lipophilic, the drug may orientitself inside the GMO gel within its proposed lipid bi-layer structure.Thus, incorporating greater than approximately 7.5% of the drug byweight into GMO causes a loss of the integrity of the three-dimensionalstructure whereby the gel system no longer maintains the semisolid cubicphase, and reverts to the viscous lamellar phase liquid. According toanother embodiment, about 1% to about 45% of therapeutic agent isincorporated by weight into a GMO gel at physiologic temperature withoutdisruption of the normal three-dimensional structure. As a result, thissystem allows the ability of significantly increased flexibility withdrug dosages. Because the delivery system is malleable, it may bedelivered and manipulated in an implant site, for example, adjacent tocerebral arteries or the subarachnoid space, so as to adhere and conformto contours of walls, spaces, or other voids in the body as well ascompletely fill all voids existing. The delivery system ensures drugdistribution and uniform drug delivery throughout the implant site. Easeof delivery and manipulation of the delivery system within a space, forexample, but not limited to the subarachnoid space, is facilitated via asemisolid delivery apparatus. A semisolid delivery apparatus facilitatestargeted and controlled delivery of the delivery system.

According to one embodiments, the multiparticulate component iscomprised of biocompatible, biodegradable, polymeric or non-polymericsystems utilized to produce solid structures including, but not limitedto, nonpareils, pellets, crystals, agglomerates, microspheres, ornanoparticles. According to some embodiments, the particle size isbetween about 30 μm to about 80 μm.

According to another embodiment, the multiparticulate componentcomprises of poly(D, L-Lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA's). PLGA's arebiodegradable polymer materials used for controlled and extendedtherapeutic agent delivery within the body. Such delivery systems offerenhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced overall toxicity as comparedto frequent periodic, systemic dosing. According to some embodiments,PLGA's systems consisting of differing molar ratios of the monomericsubunits may facilitate greater flexibility in engineering preciserelease profiles for accommodating targeted therapeutic agent deliverythrough alterations in the rate of polymer degradation. According to oneembodiment, the PLGA composition is sufficiently pure so as to bebiocompatible and remains biocompatible upon biodegradation. Accordingto another embodiment, the PLGA polymer is designed and configured intomicrospheres having a therapeutic agent or drug entrapped therein,whereby the therapeutic agent is subsequently released therefrom by amethod to be described in greater detail below. According to some suchembodiments, the therapeutic agent is a calcium channel antagonist.According to some such embodiments, the therapeutic agent is nimodipine.

According to some embodiments, the multiparticulate component iscomprised of poly (D, L-lactic-co-caprolactone). This biodegradablepolymer material may be used for controlled and extended therapeuticagent delivery within the body with a similar drug release mechanism tothat of the PLGA polymers. According to one embodiment, themultiparticulate microspheres also are produced using biodegradableand/or biocompatible non-polymeric materials such as GMS.

According to some embodiments, the multiparticulate component is furthermodified by methods used to encapsulate or coat the multiparticulatecomponents using polymers of the same composition with the same ordifferent drug substances, different polymers with the same or differentdrug substances, or with multiple layering processes containing no drug,the same drug, a different drug, or multiple drug substances. Thisallows the production of a multi-layered (encapsulated) multiparticulatesystem with a wide range of drug release profiles for single or multipledrug agents simultaneously. According to another embodiment, coatingmaterials which control the rate of physical drug diffusion from themultiparticulate may be utilized alone or in concert with theaforementioned embodiments.

Alternatively, the present invention provides a delivery system thatutilizes PLGA. The PLGA polymer contains ester bonds, which are labileto hydrolysis. The term “labile” as used herein refers to subject toincreased degradation. When H₂O penetrates the PLGA polymer, the esterbonds thereof are hydrolyzed, and monomers, being water soluble, areremoved from the PLGA polymer, thus facilitating the physical release ofthe entrapped drug over time. According to some such embodiments, otherclasses of synthetic biodegradable, biocompatible polymers may be usedfor controlled and extended therapeutic agent delivery within the body,including polyanhydrides, poly(phosphates), polydioxanone, cellulosicsand acrylics which are extended as non-limiting examples. According tosome such embodiments, nonpolymeric materials may be utilized forcontrolled and extended therapeutic agent delivery within the body,including but not limited to sterols, sucrose fatty acid esters, fattyacids, and cholesteryl esters, which are extended as non-limitingexamples.

Alternatively, the present invention provides a semisolid deliverysystem, which acts as a vehicle for local delivery of therapeuticagents, comprising a lipophilic, hydrophilic or amphophilic, solid orsemisolid substance, heated above its melting point and thereafterfollowed by inclusion of a warm aqueous component so as to produce agelatinous composition of variable viscosity based on water content. Thetherapeutic agent(s) is incorporated and dispersed into the meltedlipophilic component or the aqueous buffer component prior to mixing andformation of the semisolid system. The gelatinous composition is placedwithin the semisolid delivery apparatus for subsequent placement, ordeposition. Being malleable, the gel system is easily delivered andmanipulated via the semisolid delivery apparatus in an implant site,where it adheres and conforms to contours of the implantation site,spaces, or other voids in the body as well as completely filling allvoids existing. Alternatively, a multiparticulate component, comprisedof a biocompatible polymeric or non-polymeric system is utilized forproducing microspheres having a therapeutic agent entrapped therein.Following final processing methods, the microspheres are incorporatedinto the semisolid system and subsequently placed within the semisoliddelivery apparatus so as to be easily delivered therefrom into animplant site or comparable space, whereby the therapeutic agent issubsequently released therefrom by (a) drug release mechanism(s).

According to some embodiments, drug load of the composition of thepresent invention contained within a delivery system ranges from about25% to about 75% by weight. According to one embodiment, atherapeutically effective amount of the bioactive agent of the presentinvention is released from at least about one day to at least about 30days after administration.

Combination

According to the methods of the invention, a bioactive agent of theinvention may be formulated with at least one additional therapeuticagent. According to the methods of the invention, when a combination ofa bioactive agent of the present invention and at least one otherpharmaceutical agent are administered together, such administration canbe sequential in time or simultaneous. For sequential administration, abioactive agent of the present invention and the additionalpharmaceutical agent can be administered in any order.

The terms “co-administration” or “combined administration” or the likeas used herein encompass administration of the selected therapeuticagents to a single patient, and include treatment regimens in which theagents are not necessarily administered by the same route ofadministration or at the same time.

The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein means a productthat results from the mixing or combining of more than one activeingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of theactive ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the activeingredients, e.g. a bioactive agent of the present invention and aco-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the formof a single entity or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” meansthat the active ingredients, e.g. a bioactive agent of the presentinvention and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient as separateentities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with nospecific time limits, wherein such administration providestherapeutically effective levels of the two bioactive agents in the bodyof the patient. The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g. theadministration of three or more active ingredients.

III. Methods

According to one aspect, disclosed herein are disclosed herein areprocesses for producing a substantially pure polymorphic form of abioactive agent encapsulated into microparticles, wherein the processcomprises: (a) providing a substantially pure crystalline form of thebioactive agent; (b) adding the substantially pure crystalline form ofthe bioactive agent to a polymer solution, thereby creating a mixture ofthe bioactive agent and the polymer solution; (c) homogenizing themixture to form a disperse phase; (d) mixing the disperse phase with acontinuous phase comprising a continuous process medium, thereby formingan emulsion comprising the bioactive agent; (e) forming and extractingthe microparticles comprising the substantially pure polymorphic form ofthe bioactive agent; and (f) drying the microparticles. It is understoodand herein contemplated that where a polymer solution comprises apolymer in an organic solvent forming a oil/water emulsion in thedisperse phase, mixing the disperse phase with the continuous phaseresults in a double emulsion (i.e., a water/oil/water emulsion). Wherethe polymer solution comprises a polymer in an aqueous solvent such aswater, only a single emulsion is formed upon mixing the dispersed phasewith the continuous phase.

According to one aspect, the continuous process medium comprises asurfactant and the bioactive agent saturated with the solvent used inthe polymer solution.

According to a further aspect, the polymer solutions of theaforementioned processes comprise a polymer and a solvent. It isunderstood and herein contemplated that the disclosed polymers comprisein one aspect polylactide, polylactide-co-glycolide, poly(orthoester),and poly(anhydride). In one aspect, the polylactide co-glycolide can bein a 85:15, 75:25, 65:35, or 50:50 ratio of lactide to glycolide. In afurther aspect, the polymer comprises 8515 DLG 6A, 8515 DLG 5A, 8515 DLG4.5E, 88515 DLG 5E, 515 DLG 7A, 7525 DLG 7A, 7525 DLG 7E, 7525 DLG 5E,6535DLG 5E, 6353 DLG 2E, 6535 DLG 4A, 5050DLG 4A, 5050 DLG2A, and 2000MW DLPL. In another aspect, the solvent can comprise ethyl acetate ordichloromethane.

According to another aspect, the processes disclosed herein comprisedrying the microparticle over a 10 to 48 hour period.

It is understood and herein contemplated that stability and purity ofthe end product generally increase with increased molecular weight andthus increased viscosity of the polymer. Thus a move from a 6535 DLGpolymer of one molecular weight of a 6535 DLG polymer of increasedmolecular weight will increase the purity of the end product. Similarly,depending on the polymer used, a change from the solvent in the polymersolution to a different solvent can increase purity as well. For examplea change from dichloromethane to ethylacetate can increase purity. It isfurther understood that purity can be increased by slowing down thedrying rate of the microparticle.

According to another aspect, the disclosure herein also provides for thetargeted selection of a particular polymorph form over other forms wheredesired. In one aspect, where a purified amorphous polymorphic formrather than a stable crystalline form of the polymorph is desired adecrease in the lactide to glycolide ratio of the polymer can be made.For example, a change from a 6535 DLG to a 5050 DLG can change the endproduct polymorphic form from Modification 1 of nimodipine to theamorphic form.

According to another aspect, it is understood that by slowing dryingtime, in addition to increasing purity, selection for the most stableform of the polymorph is selected as the drying process slows. Forexample, by slowing drying of a microparticle prepared from a 5050 GLG4A polymer in ethyl acetate from 14 hours to 24 to 48 hours the endproduct moves from the amorphic form to the Modification II andeventually to Modification I. It is understood and herein contemplatedthat any end product can be achieved by adjusting the polymer andsolvent for use in the polymer solution and adjusting drying time toachieve the desired result.

According to another aspect, the described invention provides a methodof treating at least one cerebral artery in a subarachnoid space at riskof interruption due to a sudden brain injury in a human subject,comprising (a) providing a flowable sustained release microparticulatecomposition comprising (i) a microparticulate formulation containing atherapeutic amount of a substantially pure polymorphic form ofnimodipine, wherein the microparticulate formulation comprises aplurality of microparticles of uniform size distribution, wherein thepolymorph is dispersed throughout each microparticle, and wherein thetherapeutic amount is effective to treat the delayed complication and(ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and (b) administering a thepharmaceutical composition locally into a cerebral ventricle so that themicroparticulate formulation flows from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inthe cerebral ventricle into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in thesubarachnoid space before releasing the polymorph in the subarachnoidspace, wherein the therapeutic agent contacts and flows around the atleast one cerebral artery in the subarachnoid space without enteringsystemic circulation in an amount to cause unwanted side effects.

Delayed complications associated with sudden brain injury include, butare not limited to, a delayed cerebral ischemia, an intracerebralhematoma, an intraventricular hemorrhage, a fever, an angiographicvasospasm, a microthromboembolus, cortical spreading ischemia (CSI), abehavioral deficit, a neurological deficit, and neuronal cell death.According to some embodiments, the sudden brain injury is a subarachnoidhemorrhage.

According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition isdelivered into a subarachnoid space within about 0.001 mm to about 10mm, within about 0.010 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.020 mm to about10 mm, within about 0.030 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.040 mm toabout 10 mm, within 0.050 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.060 mm toabout 10 mm, within about 0.070 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.080 mmto about 10 mm, within about 0.090 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.8 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.9mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.0 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.1mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.2 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.3mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.4 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.5mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.6 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.7mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.8 mm to about 10 mm, or within about9.9 mm to about 10 mm of a site of brain injury or into a blood vesselin close proximity to the site of brain injury.

According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition isinjected into the cerebral ventricles via a catheter or tube insertedinto one of the lateral, third, or fourth ventricles, or thesubarachnoid cisterns of the brain.

According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carriercomprises a slow-release solid compound. According to one suchembodiment, the bioactive agent of the present invention is embedded inthe slow-release solid compound or coated on the slow-release solidcompound. According to yet another embodiment, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier comprises a slow-release microparticle containing thebioactive agent of the present invention. According to anotherembodiment, for example, the microparticle contains poly (D,L-Lactide-co-glycolide). According to another embodiment, thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a gel compound, such as abiodegradable hydrogel.

According to another embodiment, administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition into the injured brain can improve appetite.

According to another embodiment, administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition into the injured brain can improve symptoms of focalneurological changes, such as hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, apraxia,ataxia or paresis.

According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition canexert a local therapeutic effect. Alternatively, the pharmaceuticalcomposition exerts a diffuse or general therapeutic effect throughoutthe brain.

According to one embodiment, a composition comprising the substantiallypure polymorphic form of nimodipine, is administered to the subjecthaving angiographic vasospasm or at risk of having angiographicvasospasm in a therapeutically effective amount to treat theangiographic vasospasm and subsequent development of DCI. Atherapeutically effective amount of the substantially pure polymorphicform of nimodipine, is that amount necessary to treat as defined,including to ameliorate, reduce or eliminate altogether, one or moresymptoms relating to angiographic vasospasm, preferably including braindamage that can result from the angiographic vasospasm, such as DCI.Brain damage may be measured anatomically using medical imagingtechniques to measure infarct sizes. Alternatively or in conjunction,brain damage may be measured functionally in terms of cognitive, sensoryor motor or other skills of the subject. According to anotherembodiment, a composition comprising the substantially pure polymorphicform of nimodipine, is administered to the subject having or at risk ofhaving angiographic vasospasm in a therapeutically effective amount totreat the angiographic vasospasm. According to another embodiment, thepresent invention provides a method of treating, preventing or reducingthe severity of angiographic vasospasm and/or DCI comprising the step ofadministering into the cerebral ventricles a composition comprising asuspension of sustained release microparticles comprising atherapeutically effective amount of the substantially pure polymorphicform of nimodipine, on or in microparticles.

According to another embodiment, the method comprises the step ofadministering into the cerebral ventricles a composition comprising thesubstantially pure polymorphic form of nimodipine in or onmicroparticles that are carried by the CSF flow into the subarachnoidspace to deliver drug substance at the site of angiographic vasospasmand/or other sites in the subarachnoid space where blood vessels arelocated that participate in microthromboembolism and cortical spreadingischemia and thus are important potential mediators of DCI. Because themicroparticles are delivered locally to the brain, the dosage requiredto prevent angiographic vasospasm will be appropriate to reduce, preventor circumvent the main side effect that prevents the administration ofhigher systemic doses, e.g., hypotension.

According to one embodiment, the method comprises the step ofadministering into the cerebral ventricles the substantially purepolymorphic form of nimodipine in the form of a plurality ofmicroparticles that is carried by CSF flow into the subarachnoid spaceto targeted cerebral arteries. In these embodiments, the site ofdelivery is into at least one cerebral ventricle. This means a catheteris inserted into the ventricle and the pharmaceutical composition isinjected through the catheter and emanates from the end of the catheterlocally into the ventricle. The CSF circulation then can carry thepharmaceutical composition from the site of administration in theventricle. If the injection was in the lateral ventricle, the path wouldbe from the lateral ventricle, through the foramen of Monro to the thirdventricle, through the aqueduct of Sylvius to the fourth ventricle, outthe lateral or medial apertures of the fourth ventricle into theperimedullary cisterns, then into the other cisterns of the cranialsubarachnoid space. The circulation of CSF is often slowed after SAH andthe subarachnoid space contains blood clots. Thus, the pharmaceuticalcomposition may become trapped in the blood clots and thereby, therewould be localized release of the pharmacological agent(s) from thecomposition where they would exert a pharmacological effect in theadjacent arteries and brain.

According to another embodiment, a method for treating a cerebralvasospasm in a human subject comprises (a) providing a flowablesustained release microparticle composition comprising: (i) amicroparticulate formulation comprising a therapeutic amount of asubstantially pure crystalline form I of nimodipine having an X-rayPowder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum substantially the same as the X-rayPowder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum shown in FIG. 11, wherein themicroparticulate formulation comprises a plurality microparticles ofuniform size distribution, wherein the therapeutic amount is effectiveto treat a delayed complication of the constriction of a cerebralartery, and (ii) a pharmaceutical carrier; and b) administering thepharmaceutical composition to the human subject locally via surgicalinjection in a subarachnoid cistern closest to a cerebral artery at riskfor vasospasm, such that the composition flows around the cerebralartery without entering the systemic circulation in an amount to causeunwanted side effects; wherein the pharmaceutical composition produces alocalized pharmacologic effect; and wherein the therapeutic amount iseffective to treat the cerebral vasospasm. According to someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is trapped in the bloodclot(s) facilitating localized release of the therapeutic amount of thesubstantially pure crystalline form 1 of nimodipine.

According to some embodiments, the carrier is a gel compound. Accordingto some embodiments, the carrier is a slow-release solid compound.

According to some embodiments, the cistern closest to a cerebral arteryat risk for vasospasm in step (b) is from about 0.001 mm to about 10 mmfrom the cerebral artery. According to some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is delivered into a cistern within about0.001 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.010 mm to about 10 mm, withinabout 0.020 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.030 mm to about 10 mm,within about 0.040 mm to about 10 mm, within 0.050 mm to about 10 mm,within about 0.060 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.070 mm to about 10mm, within about 0.080 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.090 mm to about10 mm, within about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 0.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 0.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 0.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 0.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 1.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 1.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 1.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 1.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 1.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 1.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 2.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 2.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 2.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 2.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 2.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 3.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 3.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 3.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 3.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 3.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 3.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 4.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 4.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 4.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 4.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 4.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 4.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 5.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 5.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 5.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 5.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 5.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 5.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 6.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 6.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 6.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 6.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 6.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 6.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 7.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 7.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 7.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 7.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 7.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 7.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 8.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 8.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 8.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 8.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 8.8 mm to about10 mm, within about 8.9 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.0 mm to about10 mm, within about 9.1 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.2 mm to about10 mm, within about 9.3 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.4 mm to about10 mm, within about 9.5 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.6 mm to about10 mm, within about 9.7 mm to about 10 mm, within about 9.8 mm to about10 mm, or within about 9.9 mm to about 10 mm from the cerebral artery.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in thatstated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lowerlimits of these smaller ranges which may independently be included inthe smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject toany specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the statedrange includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either bothof those included limits are also included in the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any method andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also beused in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferredmethods and materials are now described. All publications mentionedherein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe themethods and/or materials in connection with which the publications arecited.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “and”, and “the” include plural references unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise. All technical and scientificterms used herein have the same meaning.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for theirdisclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothingherein is to be considered as an admission that the present invention isnot entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from theactual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how tomake and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit thescope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are theyintended to represent that the experiments below are all or the onlyexperiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy withrespect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but someexperimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unlessindicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight isweight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade,and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1 Synthesis of(RS)-isopropyl-2-methoxyethyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate

Nimodipine was synthesized according to the following schemes. In Scheme1, a solution of ammonium hydroxide was added to 2-methoxyethylacetoacetate (MEAA) and the reaction mixture was held until completion.The reaction mixture was then partitioned with toluene. The aqueousphase was back extracted using additional toluene. The combined organicphase was concentrated by distillation using heating and reducedpressure. The crude product Intermediate I,(2′-methoxyethyl)-3-amino-3-methylacrylate, was distilled using highvacuum distillation.

In Scheme 2,3-nitrobenzaldehyde was added to cooled isopropanol. Themixture was heated to yield a completely dissolved solution, to which,was added isopropyl acetatoacetate, propionic acid and piperidine. Theresultant solution was held until completion of reaction to yield crudeIntermediate II, 3-oxo-2-)₃-nitrophenylmethylene)butanoic acid isopropylester. The resultant mixture was then cooled and held for crystalformation. The crude Intermediate II crystals were isolated bycentrifugation, rinsed with additional isopropanol, subsequently chargedinto cooled isopropanol, heated and agitated, then isolated again bycentrifugation and finally dried using vacuum and heating to yield pureIntermediate II.

In Scheme 3, Intermediate I and Intermediate II were charged intoisopropanol. The resulting mixture was heated and held at reflux under anitrogen stream. Then, propionic acid and piperidine were added to themixture, while being held at reflux until the reaction was completed. Aportion of the isopropanol from the reaction mixture was removed bydistillation. The mixture was cooled, charged with methanol and themixture was heated until complete dissolution. The solution was cooledand held for crystal formation to yield crude crystals of Nimodipine,(RS)-isopropyl-2-methoxyethyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate.The crude Nimodipine crystals were isolated by centrifugation, rinsedwith isopropanol and dried using vacuum and heating and subjected to twofurther rounds of purification.

In the first purification step, the Crude Nimodipine crystals of Scheme3 were dissolved in isopropanol. The resulting solution was heated toreflux and then cooled and held for crystal formation. The crystals wereisolated by centrifugation. In the second purification step, Nimodipinecrystals collected from the first purification step were once againdissolved in isopropanol. The resulting solution was heated untilreflux, filtered and additional isopropanol were passed through thefilter. The solution was then once again heated to reflux and a portionof the isopropanol was removed from the mixture by distillation. Thereaction mixture was then charged with water and the mixture was heateduntil reflux, held and then cooled slowly for product precipitation. Theremaining portions of isopropanol and water were removed by vacuumdistillation. The mixture was cooled and held for crystal formation. Theresulting crystals were isolated by centrifugation, further rinsed withwater and dried using vacuum and heating to yield Pure Nimodipine. Thepurified product was then milled and subsequently micronized to yieldMilled Nimodipine and Micronized Nimodipine, respectively. The particlesize distribution of micronized nimodipine sample, as determined bydiffraction produced when exposed to laser light at a wavelength of 633nm, was found to range between about 0.4 μm to about 12 μm.

The nimodipine structure of the final product was confirmed by massspectrum (MS), ¹H NMR spectrum and ¹³C NMR spectrum using a sample ofcommercially available USP nimodipine as a reference standard. MolecularMass: m/z 418 (M+); ¹H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl₃); ¹³C NMR (62.8 MHz, CDCl₃).The melting range was found to be about 122° C. to about 127° C. Thesynthesized batches of nimodipine did not display any optical activity,confirming that they represent racemic mixture of opposite enantiomers.Nimodipine polymorphism analysis using infrared (IR) absorption spectrummeasurements with the commercially available USP nimodipine as areference standard revealed that the synthesized batches representedracemate Form I and not the conglomerate Form II, as shown in FIG. 3.

Example 2 Encapsulation Process and Characterization of the ResultingMicroparticles

Nimodipine microparticles were prepared by an oil in water (o/w)empulsion process and dried in an agitated filter dryer under nitrogenflow.

Formulation, solvent and drying rate were varied for evaluation ofnimodipine polymorph composition of the microparticles. Microparticlesize was evaluated by laser diffraction. The particle size distributionfor 63% nimodipine (wt %) and 1.3% water was 66 μm (mean), 95 μm(95^(th) percentile) and 39 μm (10^(th) percentile). The placebomicroparticulate formulation containing a uniform size distribution ofmicroparticles was prepared by combining a polymer solution (e.g., a50-50 glycolide-lactide blend) with a solvent in the absence ofnimodipine.

Formulation and processing parameters such as polymer selection,processing solvent, and drying rate were varied to evaluate theformation of drug polymorphs. In all cases, crystalline Form I ofNimodipine was used as the starting material in the production of themicroparticles.

Microparticle morphology was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). Scanning electron microscope imaging of nimodipine microsphereformulations were performed at 0° C., 25° C. and 30-35° C. FIG. 6 showsa scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of a microparticulatenimodipine formulation according to the present invention.

The polymorph composition was characterized using X-ray powderdiffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Differential Scanning calorimetry.

Raman spectroscopy showed that the nimodipine microsphere formulationsundergo phase transition and crystal formation upon change in storagetemperature. For Raman imaging, cross-sections were prepared by mixingthe nimodipine microspheres in epoxy and letting to harden. The hardenedepoxy with embedded microspheres were then sliced with a microtome at−65° C. Full spectral images, 60×60 μm in size, 2 pixels (spectra) perμm, were taken over multiple microsphere cross sections per lot todetermine the distribution of the drug within the microspheres. Afterdata acquisition, an augmented classical least squares routine wasimplemented, which uses the entire reference spectra from the nimodipinedrug, polymer and epoxy) to deconvolute the signals of each component.The resulting images showed the relative Raman intensity and spatialdistribution of each component within the cross-sectional regionexamined.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed the polymorph content ofnimodipine microsphere formulations of the present invention. DSC is athermoanalytical technique useful in detecting phase transitions insolid samples by measuring the amount of heat absorbed or releasedduring such transitions. Characteristic DSC spectra indicatingcharacteristic melting temperatures are used are signatures foridentifying a specific polymorphic form of a sample.

X-ray powder diffraction shows the polymorph content of nimodipinemicrosphere formulations of the present invention. X-ray powderdiffraction (XRPD) analysis was used to detect distinctive diffractionpatterns characterizing a specific polymorphic form of a given sample.FIG. 11 shows an x-ray powder diffraction pattern of nimodipine form I.

Analysis revealed that up to three drug forms, in varying ratios, werepresent in the microparticle lots after processing: crystalline Form I,crystalline Form II, and amorphous nimodipine. Crystalline Form II andamorphous component caused aggregation of the resultant product, leadingto poor product performance.

Polymer selection and solvent choice, and to a lesser extent, dryingrate, were determined to be critical in producing stablemicroparticulate formulations containing the nimodipine Form I.

Example 3 In Vitro Release Kinetic Analysis

This example measures the percentage by weight of nimodipine drugreleased in vitro over time. 10 mg nimodipine microspheres were weighedinto a 50 mL falcon tube and 20 mL freshly prepared solution of 2%sodium dodecyl sulfate in 1× phosphate buffered saline was added.Samples were inverted once to ensure microsphere suspension. The tubeswere then incubated in a water bath at 37° C. and pulled at specifictimepoints: 1 hr, 2 hrs, 6 hrs, 24 hrs and then each day till 14 days.The pulled samples were analyzed for nimodipine content by HPLC. FIG. 4shows the in vitro cumulative release of exemplary microparticulatenimodipine formulations expressed as weight % of the over time.

Example 4 In Vivo Release

This example shows that nimodipine plasma levels ranging between 40ng/mL to about 160 ng/mL are achieved within 11 days of administration.In vivo release kinetic analysis was performed using a rat model. Bloodplasma samples were drawn at indicated time points and plasma levels ofnimodipine were analyzed. FIG. 5 shows rat plasma drug levels in ng/mLupon administration of nimodipine microsphere formulations.

Example 5 Analysis of Microparticle Formation

Nimodipine microparticles were prepared by an o/w emulsion process anddried in an agitated filter dryer under nitrogen flow. Formulation andprocessing parameters such as polymer selection, processing solvent, anddrying rate were varied to evaluate the formation of drug polymorphs. Inall cases, the crystalline Form I of Nimodipine was used as the startingmaterial in the production of the microparticles. Microparticlemorphology was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).Microparticle size was evaluated by laser diffraction. Drug polymorphswere characterized using various techniques including X-ray PowderDiffraction (XRPD), Raman Spectroscopy, and DSC.

Analysis revealed that up to three drug forms, in varying ratios, werepresent in the microparticle lots after processing: crystalline Form I,crystalline Form II, and amorphous Nimodipine. Crystalline Form II andthe amorphous component caused aggregation of the resultant product,leading to poor product performance. Spectra confirmed the presence ofpolymorphism, showing melting points of 116° C. and 126° C. (in a ratioof approximately 1:2) for Nimodipine prepared in DCM, FIG. 12A.Pre-Formulation for Nimodipine prepared in EtOAc, showed a slightmelting point peak at 114° C. which corresponded to Modification II formof the active. It also had a main, sharp melting peak of 125° C., FIG.12B. DSC of the pre-formulation active DLG encapsulated Nimodipine,prepared in EtOAc showed one melting point peak only at 125° C., FIG.12C.

Nimodipine Lot 00447-098—This material showed the presence ofModification I only. This lot was produced using a single emulsionprocess with suspended drug in a ethyl acetate polymer solution. A 6535DLG 5E polymer was used with 65% theoretical drug load. A 10 g batch wasprepared where the dispersed phase consisted of a 20% polymer solutionin ethyl acetate with drug added directly to the polymer solution toform a suspension. The continuous phase comprised a continuous processmedium comprising a surfactant of 2% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutionsaturated with 3% ethyl acetate. A FormEZE column packed with 500 μmbeads was used to form the emulsion. The dispersed phase and continuousphase were added at a rate of 2 mL/min and 4 mL/min, respectively. Theemulsified particles were extracted into water that was added at a rateof 300 mL/min. The particles were collected over 125 and 25 μm sievesand then dried by lyophilization.

Nimodipine Lot 00447-108—This material was amorphous. This lot wasproduced using a single emulsion process with suspended drug in an ethylacetate polymer solution. A 5050 DLG 4A polymer was used with 65%theoretical drug load. A 10 g batch was prepared where the dispersedphase consisted of a 20% polymer solution in ethyl acetate with drugadded directly to the polymer solution to form a suspension. Thecontinuous phase comprised a continuous process medium comprising 2%polyvinyl alcohol solution saturated with 3% ethyl acetate. A FormEZEcolumn packed with 500 μm beads was used to form the emulsion. Thedispersed phase and continuous phase were added at a rate of 2 mL/minand 4 mL/min, respectively. The emulsified particles were extracted intowater that was added at a rate of 300 mL/min. The particles werecollected over 125 and 25 μm sieves and then dried by lyophilization.

Nimodipine Lot 00447-110—This material showed the presence ofModification I & II. This lot was produced using a single emulsionprocess with suspended drug in an ethyl acetate polymer solution. A 6535DLG 2E polymer was used with 50% theoretical drug load. A 10 g batch wasprepared where the dispersed phase consisted of a 20% polymer solutionin ethyl acetate with drug added directly to the polymer solution toform a suspension. The continuous phase comprised a continuous processmedium comprising 2% polyvinyl alcohol solution saturated with 3% ethylacetate. A FormEZE column packed with 500 μm beads was used to form theemulsion. The dispersed phase and continuous phase were added at a rateof 2 mL/min and 4 mL/min, respectively. The emulsified particles wereextracted into water that was added at a rate of 300 mL/min. Theparticles were collected over 125 and 25 μm sieves and then dried bylyophilization.

Nimodipine Lot ML695 (GMP material)—This lot showed the presence ofModification II. This lot was produced using a single emulsion processwith suspended drug in an ethyl acetate polymer solution. A 5050 DLG 4Apolymer was used with 65% theoretical drug load. Material was driedunder nitrogen at a much slower rate than previous lots of the sameformulation. This slowed drying caused the formation of the modificationII polymorph where previous lots dried at a faster rate contained onlyamorphous drug. A 250 g batch was prepared where the dispersed phaseconsisted of a 20% polymer solution in ethyl acetate with drug addeddirectly to the polymer solution to form a suspension. The continuousphase comprised a continuous process medium comprising 2% polyvinylalcohol solution saturated with 3% ethyl acetate. A FormEZE columnpacked with 500 μm beads was used to form the emulsion. The dispersedphase and continuous phase were added at a rate of 20 mL/min and 40mL/min, respectively. The emulsified particles were extracted into waterthat was added at a rate of 1500 mL/min. The particles were collectedover 125 and 25 μm sieves and then dried under nitrogen flow.

EQUIVALENTS

While the described invention has been described with reference to thespecific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may besubstituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of theinvention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt aparticular situation, material, composition of matter, process, processstep or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the describedinvention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope ofthe claims appended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing microparticlesencapsulating a crystalline polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine that has anX-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum substantially the same as theX-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum shown in FIG. 11, the processcomprising: (a) providing the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine; (b)adding the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine to a polymer solution,thereby creating a mixture of the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine andthe polymer solution; (c) homogenizing the mixture to form a dispersephase; (d) mixing the disperse phase with a continuous phase comprisinga continuous process medium, thereby forming an emulsion comprising thepolymorphic Form I of Nimodipine; (e) forming and extracting themicroparticles comprising the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine; and (f)drying the microparticles, the microparticles being characterized by:(i) dispersal of the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine throughout eachmicroparticle; and (ii) at least 70 percent by weight relative to thetotal weight of Nimodipine of Form I of Nimodipine.
 2. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein the polymer solution comprises a solventand a biodegradable polymer.
 3. The process according to claim 2,wherein the biodegradable polymer is selected from the group consistingof polylactide, polylactide-co-glycolide, poly(orthoester), andpoly(anhydride).
 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein thepolylactide co-glycolide comprises a 85:15, 75:25, 65:35, or 50:50 moleratio of lactide to glycolide.
 5. The process according to any of claim2 wherein the solvent in the polymer solution in (b) comprises ethylacetate or dichloromethane or a mixture thereof.
 6. The processaccording to claim 1 wherein time for drying in (f) is from 4 to 48hours.
 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the continuousprocess medium comprises water, dichloromethane, ethanol or acombination thereof.
 8. The process according to claim 1, furthercomprising a surfactant in the continuous process medium.
 9. The processaccording to claim 8, wherein the surfactant is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).10. The process according to claim 1, further comprising rinsing themicroparticles prior to drying.
 11. The process according to claim 1,wherein rate of drying in (f) is between 0.2 mLs per minute and 2 litersper minute.
 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the processfurther comprises: (g) analyzing a morphology of the microparticles viaX-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Raman spectroscopy, DifferentialScanning Calorimetry, or a combination thereof.
 13. A semisolid,biodegradable, biocompatible delivery system capable of sustainedrelease kinetics comprising (i) a flowable microparticulate formulationcomprising a crystalline polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine, with an X-rayPowder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum substantially the same as the X-rayPowder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum shown in FIG. 11, themicroparticulate formulation being characterized by: (a) a plurality ofmicroparticles; (b) dispersal of the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipinethroughout each microparticle; (c) at least 70 percent by weightrelative to the total weight of Nimodipine of Form I of Nimodipine; and(ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the delivery system beingcharacterized by delayed release of the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipinefrom the delivery system, wherein one half of the polymorphic Form I ofNimodipine is released from the delivery system within 1 day to 30 daysin vivo.
 14. The delivery system according to claim 13, wherein eachmicroparticle comprises a matrix.
 15. The delivery system according toclaim 13, wherein the microparticulate formulation comprises a powdersuspension of microparticles.
 16. The delivery system according to claim13, wherein the microparticulate formulation further comprises abiodegradable polymer.
 17. The delivery system according to claim 13,wherein Nimodipine load of the formulation contained within the deliverysystem ranges from about 25% to 75% by weight relative to the totalweight of the formulation.
 18. The delivery system according to claim16, wherein the biodegradable polymer is selected from the groupconsisting of polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoester), andpoly(anhydride).
 19. The semisolid, biodegradable, biocompatibledelivery system capable of sustained release kinetics according to claim13, wherein the microparticulate formulation is characterized by aNimodipine load of from about 25% to 75% by weight relative to the totalweight of the formulation and each microparticle comprises a matrix. 20.The semisolid, biodegradable, biocompatible delivery system capable ofsustained release kinetics according to claim 19, wherein the flowablemicroparticulate formulation is prepared by a process comprising: (a)providing the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine with an X-ray PowderDiffraction (XRPD) spectrum substantially the same as the X-ray PowderDiffraction (XRPD) spectrum shown in FIG. 11; (b) adding the polymorphicForm I of Nimodipine to a polymer solution, thereby creating a mixtureof the polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine and the polymer solution;wherein the polymer solution comprises a solvent and a biodegradablepolymer, the solvent in the polymer solution comprises ethyl acetate ordichloromethane or a mixture thereof and the biodegradable polymer isselected from the group consisting of polylactide,polylactide-co-glycolide, poly(orthoester), and poly(anhydride); (c)homogenizing the mixture to form a disperse phase; (d) mixing thedisperse phase with a continuous phase comprising a continuous processmedium, thereby forming an emulsion comprising the polymorphic Form I ofNimodipine; (e) forming and extracting the microparticles comprising thepolymorphic Form I of Nimodipine; and (f) drying the microparticles fora time from 4 to 48 hours, wherein the microparticulate formulation ischaracterized by: (i) a plurality of microparticles; (ii) dispersal ofthe polymorphic Form I of Nimodipine throughout each microparticle;(iii) at least 70 percent by weight relative to the total weight ofNimodipine of Form I of Nimodipine.
 21. A method for treating at leastone cerebral artery in a subarachnoid space at risk of interruption dueto a brain injury in a human subject, comprising: (a) providing aflowable sustained release microparticle composition comprising thesemisolid, biodegradable, biocompatible delivery system according toclaim 19, and (b) administering the flowable, sustained releasemicroparticle composition locally, either (i) intraventricularly so thatthe microparticulate formation is carried by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)flow from the cerebral ventricle to the subarachnoid space beforereleasing the nimodipine form I in the subarachnoid space, (ii)intracisternally into the subarachnoid space in a subarachnoid cisternclosest to a cerebral artery at risk for interruption, or (iii)intrathecally into spinal subarachnoid space so the composition iscarried by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow from the spinal subarachnoidspace to the subarachnoid space of the brain before releasing the Form Iof Nimodipine in the subarachnoid space of the brain; whereininterruption of the cerebral artery is accompanied by at least onedelayed complication selected from the group consisting of anangiographic vasospasm, formation of a plurality of microthromboemboli,a cortical spreading ischemia, a delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), or acombination thereof; and wherein a therapeutic amount of thesubstantially pure crystalline Form I of Nimodipine having an X-rayPowder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum substantially the same as the X-rayPowder Diffraction (XRPD) spectrum shown in FIG. 11 that contacts andflows around the at least one cerebral artery in the subarachnoid spaceis effective to treat the delayed complication without entering systemiccirculation in an amount to cause hypotension.